N Glossary Terms

ANKTIVA (N-803) Plus BCG is a treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) that has not improved after BCG therapy alone. It combines an immune-boosting drug called N-803 with BCG immunotherapy to help the immune system better fight cancer cells. Given directly into the bladder, this treatment is managed by cancer specialists and may help patients avoid bladder removal surgery.

ANKTIVA (N-803) Plus BCG is a treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) that has not responded to BCG therapy alone. It combines an immune-boosting drug called N-803 with BCG immunotherapy, given directly into the bladder. This approach helps the immune system fight cancer cells more effectively and may help some patients avoid bladder removal surgery. Side effects are usually mild, such as bladder irritation.

N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine (also called acetylcysteine) is a medicine that helps thin thick mucus in the lungs, making it easier to cough up and breathe. It is also used to treat acetaminophen (Tylenol) overdose by protecting the liver. In cancer care, it may be used to manage lung symptoms or support the body during treatment, but it is not a cancer treatment itself.

N-Acetylcysteine (also called acetylcysteine or NAC) is a medicine that helps thin thick mucus in the lungs, making it easier to cough up and breathe. It is also used to treat acetaminophen (Tylenol) overdose by protecting the liver. In cancer care, it may be used to manage lung symptoms or support the body during treatment, but it is not a cancer treatment itself.

N-Acetyldinaline, also called CI-994, is an experimental drug being studied as a possible treatment for non-small cell lung cancer. It is not yet approved for regular use but may be available through clinical trials exploring new ways to control or shrink this type of lung cancer. It may also appear under related names such as CI-994.

N-Benzoyl-Staurosporine, also called midostaurin or Rydapt, is a targeted cancer drug used mainly to treat certain blood cancers in adults. It blocks proteins that help cancer cells grow and may also stop tumors from growing new blood vessels. It is often used with chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with a specific gene mutation and for some rare mast cell diseases.

N-Butyl-N-(4-Hydroxybutyl) Nitrosamine is a chemical used in laboratory research to cause bladder tumors in animals. Scientists use it to study how bladder cancer develops and to test new ways to prevent or treat this disease. It is not a medicine or treatment given to patients. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Nabilone is a man-made pill that contains a chemical similar to THC, the active ingredient in marijuana. It is used to help control nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, especially when other treatments have not worked. Nabilone is also known by the brand name Cesamet and belongs to a group of medicines called cannabinoids.

NaCl is the chemical name for sodium chloride, or table salt. In cancer care, it usually refers to salt dissolved in water to make saline solutions. These fluids help keep patients hydrated, deliver medicines through IV lines, and flush medical equipment. Knowing about NaCl can help you understand parts of your treatment and ask your care team questions about fluids used during therapy.

NADC stands for Non-AIDS-Defining Cancer, a group of cancers that occur more often in people living with HIV than in those without HIV. These include Hodgkin lymphoma and cancers of the mouth, throat, liver, lung, and anus. Factors like older age, other viral infections, and lifestyle habits such as smoking or alcohol use can also increase the risk of these cancers.

Nadofaragene firadenovec (brand name Adstiladrin) is a gene therapy medicine used to treat adults with a high-risk type of bladder cancer that has not spread into the muscle. It is given directly into the bladder for patients whose cancer did not improve after treatment with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). This treatment helps the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells.

An NAE inhibitor is a type of targeted cancer drug that blocks an enzyme called NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE). This enzyme helps cells grow and divide. By blocking it, NAE inhibitors may slow or stop cancer cells from growing and may help kill them. These drugs are still being studied and are not yet standard treatments for all cancers.

NAFLD, or Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, is a condition where fat builds up in the liver of people who drink little or no alcohol. It includes simple fatty liver, which usually causes little harm, and a more serious form called NASH that can lead to liver damage, scarring, or cancer. NAFLD is often linked to obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol.

Nail dystrophy means changes in the shape, color, texture, or growth of your fingernails or toenails. It can happen due to infections, injuries, skin conditions like psoriasis, or other health problems. Some cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, may also cause nail changes. Nail dystrophy is sometimes called onychodystrophy. It may also appear under related names such as Onychodystrophy.

Naloxone is a medicine that can quickly reverse an opioid overdose by blocking the effects of opioids on the body. It is given as a nasal spray or injection and is an important safety tool for people using opioid pain medicines, including some cancer patients. Naloxone is also being studied to help treat constipation caused by opioid medicines.

Naltrexone hydrochloride is a medicine that blocks the effects of opioids, drugs often used for pain relief. It is mainly used to help treat addiction to opioids or alcohol. Researchers are also studying it for breast cancer treatment because it may block estrogen’s effects, which can slow the growth of some breast cancer cells. It is known by brand names like Revia and Vivitrol.

Namenda, also called memantine hydrochloride, is a medicine used to treat symptoms of dementia caused by Alzheimer’s disease. It works by calming overactive brain cells. Researchers are also studying Namenda to help protect the brain and reduce memory or thinking problems after whole-brain radiation therapy in cancer patients. It may also appear under related names such as Memantine Hydrochloride.

A nanogram is an extremely small unit of weight, equal to one billionth of a gram. In cancer care, nanograms are used to measure tiny amounts of substances like proteins or drugs, helping doctors with diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of the disease. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A nanometer is a very tiny unit of length equal to one billionth of a meter. It is used to measure things too small to see, like molecules or light waves. In cancer care, nanometers help describe the size of particles and technologies that work at a very small scale, such as certain imaging tools or drug delivery methods.

A nanomole (nmol or nM) is a very small unit used to measure the amount of a substance. It equals one billionth of a mole, a standard scientific way to count tiny amounts of chemicals. In cancer care, nanomoles help describe precise levels of drugs, hormones, or other substances important for diagnosis and treatment.

A nanoparticle is an extremely tiny particle, smaller than 100 nanometers (one-billionth of a meter). In medicine, nanoparticles can carry medicines, antibodies, or imaging agents to specific parts of the body. Researchers are studying nanoparticles to help find, diagnose, and treat cancer more effectively while reducing side effects. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Nanoparticle paclitaxel is a special form of the chemotherapy drug paclitaxel used to treat certain breast, lung, and pancreatic cancers. It attaches paclitaxel to tiny protein particles called nanoparticles, which may help the drug work better and cause fewer side effects. It can be used alone or with other cancer medicines and is also being studied for other cancers.

A nanoprobe is a very small device or particle that uses x-rays to create detailed images of tiny structures inside the body, like blood vessels and cells. Nanoprobes can help doctors study important processes in cancer, such as the growth of new blood vessels. They may also be used to detect, diagnose, or sometimes treat cancer more precisely.

Nanotechnology is the science of working with materials smaller than 100 nanometers—so tiny they are measured in billionths of a meter. In cancer care, researchers study nanotechnology to help detect, diagnose, and treat cancer more precisely by creating very small tools and treatments that can work at the level of atoms or molecules.

NANT Cancer Vaccine, also called Cancer BioShield, is an experimental cancer vaccine designed to help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. It is linked to combination immunotherapy and personalized treatment approaches. This vaccine is still being studied and is not yet a standard cancer treatment. Patients should discuss it with their healthcare team before considering use.

NANT Cancer Vaccine, also called Cancer BioShield, is an experimental cancer vaccine designed to help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. It is linked to combination immunotherapy and personalized treatment approaches. This vaccine is still being studied and is not yet a standard cancer treatment. Patients should discuss it with their healthcare team before considering use.

NantWorks GPS Cancer, also called Precision Omics Profiling, is a detailed laboratory test that looks closely at a tumor’s biology using advanced methods like genomics and proteomics. It helps doctors understand the unique features of a cancer to guide treatment decisions. This test is part of precision medicine but is not a treatment itself and should be discussed carefully with your healthcare team.

NantWorks GPS Cancer, also called Precision Omics Profiling, is an advanced lab test that studies a tumor’s unique biology by examining its genes, gene activity, and proteins. This detailed information helps doctors better understand the cancer and guide treatment decisions. It is a tool used in precision medicine but is not a treatment itself.

Naprosyn, also called naproxen, is a medicine used to relieve mild pain and reduce swelling. It is often prescribed for arthritis and other conditions that cause discomfort. In cancer care, it is sometimes studied to help manage bone pain. Naprosyn belongs to a group of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which work by blocking substances that cause pain and inflammation.

Naproxen (also called Naprosyn) is a medicine used to relieve mild pain and reduce swelling. It belongs to a group called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In cancer care, naproxen is sometimes studied to help ease bone pain caused by cancer or its treatments. It is not a cancer cure but may help improve comfort by reducing pain and inflammation.

Narcotics, now called opioids, are medicines used to relieve moderate to severe pain. They include drugs like morphine, oxycodone, and fentanyl. These medicines work by changing how the brain and nervous system feel pain. They are often prescribed in cancer care but must be used carefully because of possible side effects and risks.

Naropin, also called ropivacaine hydrochloride, is a local anesthetic used to numb a specific area of the body during and after surgery. It helps control pain by temporarily blocking nerve signals. In cancer care, Naropin is being studied to manage pain after cancer surgeries. It does not treat cancer itself but helps reduce discomfort in the treated area.

Nasal means relating to the nose. In cancer care, it often refers to the nasal cavity or nearby sinuses where rare cancers can develop. Knowing this term helps patients understand where a tumor is located and what treatments might involve. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

The nasal cavity is the hollow space inside your nose where air passes as you breathe. It sits above the roof of your mouth and connects to your throat. The nasal cavity has two passages that filter, warm, and moisten air before it reaches your lungs. It also contains special cells that help you smell. In rare cases, cancers can develop here or nearby, so doctors may check this area if symptoms arise.

The nasal vestibule is the small area just inside your nostrils that leads into the nasal cavity. It is shaped by the nose’s cartilage and lined with short, coarse hairs that help filter dust and particles from the air you breathe, protecting your lungs. This area can be important in cancer care if tumors or growths develop near or inside it.

NASH (Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis) is a liver disease where fat builds up in the liver of people who drink little or no alcohol. This fat causes inflammation and liver cell damage, which can lead to scarring, liver failure, and increases the risk of liver cancer. It is more common in middle-aged adults who are overweight, have diabetes, or high blood fats.

Nasogastric refers to the path from the nose to the stomach. A nasogastric (NG) tube is a thin, flexible tube inserted through the nose, down the throat, and into the stomach. It helps deliver nutrition, fluids, or medicines when a person cannot eat or swallow normally, and can also remove stomach contents. NG tubes are often used temporarily during cancer treatment to support nutrition and comfort.

A nasogastric tube (NG tube), also called a gastric feeding tube, is a thin, flexible tube inserted through the nose into the stomach. It helps deliver medicines, fluids, or liquid food when swallowing or eating by mouth is difficult. It can also remove unwanted stomach contents. NG tubes are often used temporarily during cancer treatment to support nutrition and hydration.

Nasonex is a corticosteroid medicine available as a nasal spray and a cream. It helps reduce inflammation caused by allergies or certain skin conditions. In cancer care, it is being studied to ease skin irritation from radiation therapy. Nasonex is also known as Elocon or mometasone furoate and should be used as directed by a healthcare provider.

Nasopharyngeal cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the nasopharynx, the upper part of the throat behind the nose. It usually begins in the flat cells lining this area. Symptoms may include a lump in the neck, ear pain or ringing, trouble hearing, or nosebleeds. Treatment often involves radiation, chemotherapy, or both, and sometimes surgery.

The nasopharynx is the upper part of the throat located behind the nose. It connects the nasal passages to the throat and has openings to the ears. This area is important because cancers can develop here, which may affect breathing, hearing, and swallowing. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A nasoscope, also called a rhinoscope, is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and lens that doctors use to look inside the nose. It helps examine nasal passages and can include a small tool to take tissue samples if needed. This tool is often used to check for nasal problems or changes, including those related to cancer.

Nasoscopy, also called rhinoscopy, is a simple procedure where a doctor uses a thin, lighted tube called a nasoscope to look inside your nose. This helps check for problems like blockages, bleeding, or growths. Sometimes, a small tissue sample may be taken to test for disease. It’s a quick and generally safe way to help find the cause of nasal symptoms.

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) is the main U.S. government agency focused on cancer research, training, and education. It supports studies on cancer causes, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, and provides trusted information to help patients and caregivers understand cancer and their care options. It may also appear under related names such as NCI.

The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) is a U.S. government agency that studies health practices used alongside regular medical care. It supports research and education to help patients and healthcare providers understand which complementary therapies, like acupuncture or meditation, might be safe and helpful when added to standard cancer treatments.

The National Clinical Trials Network (NCTN) is a program by the National Cancer Institute that supports cancer research groups in running clinical trials. It connects hospitals and research centers across the U.S., Canada, and beyond, helping patients access new cancer treatments and research studies close to home. It may also appear under related names such as NCTN.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is a U.S. government agency that supports medical research and trains scientists. It helps improve understanding and treatment of diseases like cancer by funding studies and sharing health information. It may also appear under related names such as NIH. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

The National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) was a large research study that compared low-dose CT scans with chest X-rays to find lung cancer early in heavy smokers aged 55 to 74. It showed that CT scans can reduce the risk of dying from lung cancer by detecting it sooner than X-rays.

A natural history study is a type of research that follows people over time who have, or might develop, a medical condition. It collects health information to understand how the condition starts, changes, and affects people. These studies focus on observing the disease’s course without testing new treatments, helping doctors learn more about the illness and improve care.

Natural Killer and T-Cell Activation Immunotherapy is a standard cancer treatment approach that helps the immune system fight cancer. It is used under the guidance of cancer specialists and tailored to specific types of cancer. Patients should discuss with their care team how this therapy fits their individual treatment plan rather than assuming it applies broadly.

Natural killer (NK) cells are a type of white blood cell that help protect the body by quickly killing tumor cells and virus-infected cells. They contain small particles with enzymes that destroy harmful cells and are part of the immune system’s natural defense against cancer and infections. It may also appear under related names such as NK Cell, NK-LGL.

Natural killer T (NKT) cells are special immune cells that combine features of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. They help the body’s early defense by killing harmful invaders like bacteria and viruses. NKT cells also release signaling proteins called cytokines and can sometimes attack cancer cells directly or help other immune cells do so.

Natural Killer-Cell Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia (NK-LGL Leukemia) is a rare, chronic blood cancer involving natural killer (NK) cells, a type of white blood cell. These abnormal NK cells with granules build up in the blood and may cause symptoms or slowly worsen over time. It is also called NK-LGL leukemia or NK-LGLL.

NaturalNews Natural Cures / Health Freedom Advocacy is a media and advocacy movement focused on natural health, nutrition, and critiques of conventional medicine. In cancer care, it may be mentioned for claims about natural anticancer treatments, symptom relief, nutrition support, or improving quality of life. Patients often explore it to feel more in control or to complement standard treatments. Always discuss such approaches with your healthcare team to ensure safety and coordination.

NaturalNews Natural Cures / Health Freedom Advocacy is a media and advocacy movement promoting natural health ideas, nutrition, and critiques of conventional medicine. In cancer care, it may be mentioned for claims about natural anticancer treatments, symptom relief, nutrition support, or improving quality of life. Patients often explore it to feel more in control or to complement standard treatments. Always discuss such approaches with your healthcare team to ensure safety.

Nature-Based or Forest Therapy involves spending time in natural places like forests, parks, or gardens to help reduce stress, improve mood, and support overall well-being. Many people with cancer use it alongside medical care to help manage symptoms such as anxiety, sleep problems, or pain. It is a supportive approach meant to complement, not replace, standard cancer treatments.

Nature-Based or Forest Therapy means spending time in natural places like forests, parks, or gardens to help reduce stress, improve mood, and support overall well-being. Many people with cancer use it alongside medical care to help manage symptoms such as anxiety, sleep problems, or pain. It is a supportive approach meant to complement, not replace, standard cancer treatments.

Naturopathy is a health approach that uses natural methods like air, water, light, heat, massage, herbal products, nutrition, acupuncture, and aromatherapy to support the body’s own healing. It avoids drugs and surgery and is sometimes used alongside conventional cancer treatments to help manage symptoms and improve well-being. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Nausea is the feeling of sickness or discomfort in the stomach, often with an urge to vomit. It is a common side effect of cancer treatments like chemotherapy and radiation. Many medicines and strategies can help prevent or ease nausea during cancer care to keep you comfortable and support your treatment.

Navitoclax, also called ABT-263, is an experimental drug being studied to treat certain cancers like lymphomas. It works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells survive, encouraging them to die. Navitoclax is not yet a standard treatment but is being tested in clinical trials to explore new ways to improve cancer care.

Naxitamab (brand name Danyelza) is a targeted antibody medicine used with GM-CSF to treat children and adults with certain high-risk neuroblastoma affecting the bone or bone marrow that has returned or not improved after other treatments. It helps the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. Research is ongoing to explore its use in other cancers.

NB1011 is an experimental drug being studied to help cancer cells respond again to treatments they have become resistant to. It belongs to a group called nucleoside analogs, which can affect how cells grow and divide. Researchers are exploring NB1011 as a possible way to improve cancer treatment when standard drugs stop working.

NBCCS, also called Gorlin syndrome or basal cell nevus syndrome, is a rare inherited condition that raises the risk of developing basal cell skin cancer early in life. It can also cause other cancers, non-cancerous tumors, and physical changes such as unusual facial features and small pits in the skin on the hands and feet.

NBI-3001 is an experimental cancer treatment made by combining a natural immune protein called interleukin-4 with a bacterial toxin. It is designed to target and kill cancer cells that have specific receptors for interleukin-4. This treatment is still being studied and is not yet a standard option. You might hear about it in clinical trials or research for certain brain tumors or other solid tumors.

The NCCIH is a U.S. government agency that studies complementary and integrative health practices, like acupuncture and meditation. It supports research and shares trustworthy information to help patients and healthcare providers understand how these approaches might safely work alongside standard cancer treatments. It may also appear under related names such as National Center For Complementary, Integrative Health.

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) is the U.S. government’s main agency for cancer research. It supports studies, training, and information sharing about cancer causes, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. NCI helps improve cancer care by funding research centers and clinical trials across the country. It may also appear under related names such as National Cancer Institute.

The NCI Clinical Trials Cooperative Group is a network of cancer researchers, doctors, and centers supported by the National Cancer Institute. They work together to run clinical trials testing new ways to screen, prevent, diagnose, and treat cancer. These trials involve many patients across multiple locations, offering access to carefully studied treatments before they become widely available.

The National Clinical Trials Network (NCTN) is a program by the National Cancer Institute that supports cancer research groups in running clinical trials. It connects hospitals and research centers across the U.S., Canada, and beyond, helping patients access new cancer treatments and research studies close to home. It may also appear under related names such as National Clinical Trials Network.

NCX 4016 is a special form of aspirin that releases nitric oxide, a natural molecule that may protect the stomach lining. It is being studied for preventing colorectal cancer and may cause less stomach irritation than regular aspirin. NCX 4016 belongs to a group of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It is not yet approved for routine cancer prevention or treatment.

NDGA, also known as Actinex or masoprocol, is a medication applied to the skin to treat growths caused by sun damage. It acts as an antioxidant and may block enzymes that tumors need to grow. An oral form of NDGA is being studied for prostate cancer treatment but is not yet a standard therapy.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a virus that infects birds and is being studied as a possible cancer treatment. It may kill cancer cells directly or be used in vaccines to help the immune system attack cancer. NDV is not approved by the FDA for cancer treatment and remains experimental.

A nebulizer is a device that turns liquid medicine into a fine mist you can breathe in. It helps deliver medicine directly to the lungs, making it easier to manage breathing problems. Nebulizers are often used for people with lung issues, including some cancer patients who have breathing difficulties caused by cancer or its treatments.

Necitumumab (brand name Portrazza) is a targeted cancer medicine used with chemotherapy drugs gemcitabine and cisplatin to treat squamous non-small cell lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is given to patients who have not had prior anticancer treatments and works by blocking a protein on cancer cells to help slow their growth.

Neck dissection is surgery to remove lymph nodes and nearby tissues from the neck. It is often done to check for or treat cancer that may have spread to these lymph nodes. This procedure helps doctors understand how far cancer has spread and plan the best treatment. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Necrosis is the death of living tissue in the body. In cancer care, it can happen when parts of a tumor die because they don’t get enough blood or as a result of treatment. Understanding necrosis helps patients and caregivers recognize changes in tissue health and what these changes might mean during diagnosis or treatment.

A Nedd8-Activating Enzyme Inhibitor (NAE inhibitor) is a targeted cancer drug that blocks an enzyme called NEDD8-activating enzyme. This enzyme helps cells grow and divide. By blocking it, these drugs may slow or stop cancer cells from growing and may help kill them. NAE inhibitors are still being studied and are not yet standard treatments.

A needle biopsy is a medical procedure where a doctor uses a thin or wider needle to remove a small sample of tissue or fluid from the body. This sample is examined under a microscope to check for cancer or other diseases. Needle biopsies are less invasive than surgery and help doctors diagnose, plan treatment, or monitor health conditions with less discomfort and risk.

Needle localization is a procedure that helps doctors find and remove small areas of abnormal tissue during surgery. Using imaging like an X-ray or ultrasound, a thin wire with a tiny hook is placed into or near the abnormal spot. The wire stays in place to mark the area until surgery or biopsy is done, guiding the surgeon to the exact location.

A needle-localized biopsy is a procedure used to mark and remove abnormal tissue that cannot be felt by touch. A thin wire with a small hook is placed into or near the suspicious area using imaging, helping doctors find the exact spot during biopsy or surgery. The wire stays in place temporarily to guide tissue removal.

Needle/wire localization is a procedure that helps doctors find and remove small areas of abnormal tissue during surgery. Using imaging like X-rays or ultrasound, a thin wire with a tiny hook is placed into or near the abnormal spot to mark it. The wire stays in place until the tissue is removed during biopsy or surgery, guiding the surgeon to the exact location.

Needling is a technique used in acupuncture where very thin needles are gently inserted into specific points on the body. It aims to balance the body’s energy, called qi. Sometimes needles are moved, heated, or given a small electric current to enhance effects. Some people use needling as part of supportive care during cancer treatment to help manage symptoms like pain or nausea.

Nefazodone, also called Serzone, is a medication used to treat depression. It belongs to a group of drugs known as antidepressants. In cancer care, it may be prescribed to help manage symptoms of depression that can arise during or after cancer treatment, supporting emotional well-being and quality of life. It may also appear under related names such as Serzone.

A negative axillary lymph node is a lymph node in the armpit area that has been checked and found free of cancer cells. This finding is important in cancers like breast cancer because it helps doctors understand if cancer has spread and guides treatment decisions. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Negative For Intraepithelial Lesion Or Malignancy (NILM) is a Pap test result showing no cancer or abnormal cells on the cervix. It means the cervical cells look normal, though mild changes from infection or inflammation may be noted. This result is also called a negative or normal Pap test result and usually means no immediate treatment is needed.

A negative Pap test result means no cancer or abnormal cells were found on the cervix during screening. It may include minor cell changes linked to infection or inflammation. This result is also called negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM) or a normal Pap test result and usually means no immediate treatment is needed.

Negative Predictive Value (NPV) is the chance that a person with a negative test result truly does not have the disease, condition, or genetic change being tested. It helps show how reliable a test is at ruling out a problem when the result is negative. It may also appear under related names such as NPV.

A negative test result means the test did not find the condition, substance, or genetic change it was looking for, or found it only in normal amounts. In cancer care, this often means no cancer cells or harmful mutations were detected. However, a negative result does not always guarantee the absence of disease, so it’s important to discuss what it means for your health with your care team.

Nelarabine is a chemotherapy medicine used to treat certain blood cancers affecting T-cells, such as T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. It is given to adults and children aged 1 year and older, especially when other treatments have not worked or the cancer has returned. Nelarabine works by blocking cancer cells from making DNA, which may help kill them and slow the disease.

Nelfinavir Mesylate is a medicine originally made to stop viruses from copying themselves. While mainly an antiviral drug, it is sometimes studied in cancer care to explore new treatment options. Patients may hear about it in research or treatment plans, but it is not a standard cancer therapy. Understanding its role can help you discuss your care with your medical team.

Neoadjuvant therapy is treatment given before the main cancer treatment, usually surgery, to shrink a tumor. It can include chemotherapy, radiation, or hormone therapy. This approach may help make surgery easier or more effective by reducing the tumor size first. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A neoantigen is a new protein that forms on cancer cells because of changes in their DNA. These unique proteins can help the immune system recognize and attack cancer. Scientists are studying neoantigens to create vaccines and treatments that boost the immune response against tumors. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Neoplasia means abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells in the body. It can describe new tissue growth that may be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Understanding neoplasia helps patients and caregivers recognize how cells change and why doctors carefully monitor these changes. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A neoplasm, also called a tumor, is an abnormal lump or mass of tissue formed when cells grow or divide more than they should or fail to die when they should. Neoplasms can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). Benign neoplasms may grow large but do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant neoplasms can invade nearby tissues and spread elsewhere.

Neoplastic meningitis is a serious condition where cancer cells spread from the original tumor to the meninges, the thin layers of tissue covering the brain and spinal cord. This can cause inflammation and increased pressure in the brain. It most often occurs in cancers like breast cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma.

Nephrectomy is surgery to remove all or part of a kidney. It can involve removing just a tumor or part of the kidney (partial nephrectomy), one whole kidney (simple nephrectomy), the kidney plus nearby tissues (radical nephrectomy), or both kidneys (bilateral nephrectomy). This surgery is often used to treat kidney cancer or other serious kidney problems.

Nephritis, also called glomerulonephritis, is inflammation of the kidneys that can make it harder for them to filter waste from the blood. It may cause symptoms like blood or protein in the urine, swelling, high blood pressure, tiredness, and anemia. Causes include infections, autoimmune diseases like lupus, certain medicines, or chemical exposure. If untreated, nephritis can lead to kidney damage or failure.

A nephrologist is a doctor specially trained to care for the kidneys. They diagnose and treat kidney problems, which can be important during cancer treatment if your kidneys are affected. Your healthcare team may include a nephrologist to help protect your kidney health and manage any kidney-related issues. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A nephrostomy is a procedure that creates a small opening from the skin into the kidney to drain urine when normal flow is blocked. It helps relieve pressure and prevent kidney damage by allowing urine to drain into an external bag. This procedure can also be used to look inside the kidney or deliver medicine directly to it, often in cases related to cancer or kidney problems.

Nephrotic syndrome is a group of symptoms caused by damage to tiny blood vessels in the kidneys. This damage leads to too much protein in the urine and high levels of fat and cholesterol in the blood. Swelling, especially in the legs, feet, or ankles, is common. It can happen due to kidney diseases, infections, immune disorders, cancer, diabetes, or certain medicines.

A nephrotomogram is a special type of x-ray that takes multiple pictures of the kidneys from different angles. This helps doctors see the kidneys clearly without shadows from nearby organs. It is used to check kidney health and look for problems such as tumors or other kidney conditions. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Nephrotoxic means something that can harm or damage the kidneys. In cancer care, some medicines or treatments may be called nephrotoxic because they might affect how well the kidneys work. Knowing this term helps patients and caregivers understand possible risks and talk with their care team about protecting kidney health during treatment.

Nephroureterectomy is a surgery that removes a kidney and its ureter, the tube that carries urine to the bladder. It is often done to treat cancers affecting these parts of the urinary system. This procedure may also be called ureteronephrectomy. Knowing this term can help patients and caregivers understand treatment plans and medical discussions about urinary tract cancers.

Neratinib maleate, sold as Nerlynx, is a targeted cancer drug used to treat adults with HER2-positive breast cancer, especially after other treatments. It works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow. Neratinib can be used alone or with chemotherapy and is being studied for other cancers. It may also appear under related names such as Nerlynx.

Oleandrin, also known as Anvirzel or Nerium oleander Extract, is a plant-based compound from the toxic Nerium oleander plant. It is sometimes discussed in cancer care for its potential effects on cancer cells and symptom support. However, it is experimental, not approved for cancer treatment, and can be toxic. Patients should always talk with their healthcare team before considering its use.

Nerlynx (neratinib maleate) is a targeted cancer drug used to treat adults with HER2-positive breast cancer, especially after other treatments. It works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow, which may slow or stop tumor growth. Nerlynx can be used alone or with chemotherapy and is being studied for other cancers as well.

A nerve is a bundle of fibers that carries messages between your brain and body. These messages help you feel sensations like touch and pain, and control your movements. Nerves are important for how your body works and can be affected by cancer or its treatments, sometimes causing symptoms like pain, numbness, or weakness.

A nerve block is a procedure where medicine is injected near a nerve or into the spine to stop pain signals. It is often used to relieve pain caused by cancer or its treatments. This helps improve comfort by temporarily blocking pain in a specific part of the body. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A nerve cell, or neuron, is a special cell that sends and receives messages between the brain and the body using tiny electrical signals. These cells help control movement, feeling, and other body functions. Some cancers, like neuroblastoma, start in nerve cells or their immature forms, making understanding nerve cells important in certain cancer types.

Nerve grafting is a surgery that replaces a damaged nerve with a healthy nerve taken from another part of the body. It is sometimes used in cancer care, such as during prostate cancer surgery, to help protect or restore nerve function that might be affected by treatment or injury. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) is a natural protein in the body that helps certain nerve cells grow and stay healthy. It supports nerve survival and function. In cancer care, NGF may be mentioned because some tumors or treatments can affect nerves, causing symptoms like pain or numbness. Understanding NGF helps explain how nerves respond to damage or repair during cancer treatment.

The nerve sheath is the protective covering around nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor (MPNST) is a rare cancer that starts in these protective cells. It can affect nerve function and usually requires specialized care. If you see the term “nerve sheath” in your medical information, ask your care team how it relates to your diagnosis or treatment.

Nerve-sparing surgery is a type of operation that tries to protect the nerves near the area being treated, most often during prostate cancer surgery. This approach aims to reduce side effects like urinary incontinence and erectile problems. Sometimes only one side’s nerves can be spared, depending on how far the cancer has spread. Factors like age and previous sexual function can affect recovery after surgery.

The nervous system is the body's network of nerve tissue that controls movement, senses, and many body functions. It includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves throughout the body. In cancer care, the nervous system may be monitored to protect functions like hearing, especially when treatments might affect nerves or muscles.

NES, also called neuromuscular electrical stimulation or NMES, is a procedure that uses small electrical impulses to help strengthen weak or paralyzed muscles. It can improve muscle strength, blood flow, and movement while reducing muscle spasms. NES is a supportive therapy often used in rehabilitation, not a cancer treatment itself. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your care.

Netupitant and palonosetron hydrochloride, sold as Akynzeo, is a medicine used with dexamethasone to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy in adults. It combines two drugs that block brain chemicals triggering these symptoms, helping patients feel more comfortable during cancer treatment. It may also appear under related names such as Akynzeo.

Neulasta is a medicine used to help prevent infections in adults and children who have low white blood cell counts caused by chemotherapy. It works by helping the bone marrow make more white blood cells and stays in the body longer than similar drugs, so it is given less often. Neulasta is also known by other names like Fulphila, Nyvepria, Udenyca, and Ziextenzo.

Neumega is a medicine made in the lab that helps increase platelet counts in some cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. It is also called oprelvekin or recombinant human interleukin-11. Platelets are blood cells that help with clotting and prevent bleeding. Neumega supports the body’s natural process to make more platelets and reduce bleeding risks during cancer treatment.

Neupogen is a medicine that helps the body make more white blood cells, especially neutrophils, which fight infection. It is often used for people with certain cancers who develop low white blood cell counts due to chemotherapy or other treatments. Neupogen supports the immune system but is not a cancer treatment itself. Patients should ask their care team how Neupogen fits into their specific care plan.

Neural refers to anything related to nerves or the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. In cancer care, researchers are exploring how neural-related methods might help highlight cancer cells during imaging or deliver treatments directly to tumors. If you see the term neural in your medical information, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

SCENAR Therapy, also called Neuro-Adaptive Electrostimulation, is a device-based treatment discussed mainly in alternative cancer care. It is used for managing pain, inflammation, energy levels, scar healing, immune signaling, and detoxification. While some claim it may have direct anticancer effects, these uses are not proven in standard cancer treatment. Patients should discuss this therapy carefully with their healthcare team before use.

A neuro-oncologist is a doctor specially trained to diagnose and treat brain tumors and other tumors affecting the nervous system. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it describes a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Neurobehavioral refers to how the brain influences emotions, behavior, and learning. Some cancers or their treatments can cause neurobehavioral problems. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for you or your loved one, rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Neuroblastoma is a cancer that starts in immature nerve cells, most often in young children under 5 years old. It usually begins in the adrenal glands but can also form in the neck, chest, abdomen, or near the spine. Symptoms vary depending on tumor location and spread. Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and specialized therapies. Understanding neuroblastoma helps patients and caregivers ask informed questions about diagnosis and care.

Neurocognitive refers to the brain’s ability to think, remember, learn, and solve problems. Neurocognitive disorders involve a decline in these abilities, which can range from mild memory loss to major conditions like dementia. These disorders are different from mood or anxiety disorders because the main issue is a loss of thinking skills, not emotional symptoms. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your or your loved one’s situation.

Neurodegenerative disorders are diseases where nerve cells in the brain or spinal cord gradually stop working or die. These conditions usually worsen over time and currently have no cure. Examples include Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Causes can be genetic, related to toxins, infections, or other health problems. If you see this term, ask your care team how it applies to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

A Neuroectodermal Tumor is a rare type of cancer that starts in early nerve cells found in the brain or spinal cord. These tumors develop from primitive neuroectodermal cells, which are immature cells that can grow into different nervous system tissues. Understanding this term can help patients and caregivers better follow diagnosis and treatment discussions related to these specific brain or spinal cord tumors.

Neuroendocrine refers to cells that release hormones in response to signals from the nervous system. Neuroendocrine tumors can develop in organs like the pancreas, lungs, or digestive tract. These tumors may produce extra hormones, causing various symptoms. The term appears in cancer care related to certain breast, kidney, and neuroendocrine tumors. It’s important to understand how it applies to your specific situation by discussing it with your care team.

Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin, also known as Merkel cell carcinoma, is a rare and aggressive skin cancer. It usually appears as a fast-growing, painless lump on sun-exposed areas like the head, neck, arms, or legs. It most often affects older adults and people with weakened immune systems. Early diagnosis and treatment are important because it can spread quickly.

A neuroendocrine tumor (NET) is a growth that starts in cells which release hormones in response to signals from the nervous system. These tumors can occur in many organs, such as the pancreas, lungs, or digestive system. Some NETs produce extra hormones, causing various symptoms. They may be benign or cancerous. Understanding NETs in your own health context is important, so ask your care team how this term applies to you.

Neuroepithelial refers to tissue made up of sensory cells found in parts of the body like the ear, nose, and tongue. In cancer care, this term often relates to tumors that develop from these sensory tissues, such as esthesioneuroblastoma, a rare cancer arising from sensory cells in the upper nasal cavity. Understanding neuroepithelial tissue helps explain where certain cancers start and how they might be diagnosed and treated.

Neurofeedback, also called EEG biofeedback, is a supportive therapy that uses sensors on the head to monitor brain activity and provide feedback. It is being studied to help cancer patients manage stress, mental side effects, and nerve pain from chemotherapy. It is not a treatment for cancer itself but may improve quality of life during or after treatment. Patients should ask their care team how it applies to their personal care plan.

A neurofibroma is a noncancerous (benign) tumor that grows from the cells covering nerves. These tumors can appear alone or as part of genetic conditions like neurofibromatosis. While usually not cancerous, neurofibromas can cause symptoms such as pain, disfigurement, or nerve problems. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers know why certain tests or treatments may be needed and what to expect.

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is a rare genetic condition that causes spots on the skin and tumors on nerves. It can affect the skin, bones, and nervous system. Some tumors, called plexiform neurofibromas, may cause symptoms and cannot be removed by surgery. A medicine called selumetinib (AZD6244 or Koselugo) is approved to treat these tumors in children and adults when surgery is not an option.

Neurofibromatosis Type 1-Like Syndrome, also called Legius Syndrome, is a rare genetic condition caused by changes in the SPRED1 gene. It often causes flat brown spots on the skin and freckles in the armpits and groin. Some people may have mild learning or developmental delays. It shares some features with neurofibromatosis type 1 but usually does not cause tumors or serious complications.

Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2), also called Acoustic Neurofibromatosis, is a rare inherited condition where noncancerous tumors grow on nerves related to hearing and balance. These tumors can affect hearing, balance, speech, and other nerve functions. NF2 requires careful monitoring and different care than typical single acoustic neuromas, which usually affect only one side.

Neuroglia, also called glial cells, are support cells in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves outside the brain. Unlike nerve cells, they don’t send electrical signals but help keep nerve cells healthy and working properly. Some brain tumors, like gliomas, start in glial cells. Knowing about neuroglia can help you understand related terms during cancer care discussions.

Neuroleptic agents, also called antipsychotics, are medicines used in cancer care to help manage symptoms like confusion, hallucinations, or memory problems. These drugs work by changing brain chemicals and are sometimes part of treatment plans to improve comfort and quality of life. Seeing this term in your care does not always mean a mental illness diagnosis but refers to a type of medication used to control certain symptoms.

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) is a rare but serious reaction to certain medications, especially those used to treat mental illness or nausea. It causes symptoms like high fever, muscle stiffness, confusion, sweating, and unstable blood pressure. NMS can be life-threatening and needs quick medical attention. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it applies to you directly.

Neurologic refers to anything related to the nerves or nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. In cancer care, you might hear this term when discussing symptoms, tests, or medications that affect the nervous system. It is not a cancer treatment itself but can be important when managing infections or neurological symptoms alongside cancer.

A neurological exam is a series of questions and simple tests that check how well your brain, spinal cord, and nerves are working. It looks at your mental state, coordination, muscle strength, balance, and reflexes. In cancer care, it helps doctors find symptoms caused by tumors or side effects of treatment. If you hear this term, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

A neurologist is a doctor specially trained to diagnose and treat problems of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. In cancer care, neurologists help manage symptoms caused by tumors affecting the nervous system and guide tests or treatments related to nerve health. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A neuroma is a tumor that grows from nerve cells. An acoustic neuroma, also called vestibular schwannoma, is a non-cancerous tumor on the nerve connecting the ear to the brain. It can affect hearing and balance but does not spread like cancer. While benign, it requires careful diagnosis and monitoring to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NES or NMES) is a therapy that uses small electrical impulses to activate muscles that are weak or paralyzed. It can help improve muscle strength, increase blood flow, reduce muscle spasms, and support movement. NES is often used in rehabilitation after illness, injury, or surgery, including some cancer-related conditions affecting muscles, but it is not a treatment for cancer itself.

Neuromyotonia, also called Isaac Syndrome, is a rare nerve disorder causing constant muscle activity like twitching, stiffness, and cramping. It usually affects muscles in the arms and legs but can involve the whole body. Symptoms may include increased sweating, heart rate, and difficulties with chewing, swallowing, speaking, or breathing. It often appears between ages 15 and 60 and can sometimes be linked to certain cancers or inherited.

A neuron, also called a nerve cell, is a special cell in the nervous system that sends and receives electrical signals. These signals help the brain and body communicate. Neurons mainly work in the brain and spinal cord. Understanding neurons can help explain some brain or nerve-related tumors and how they affect the body.

A neuronal tumor is a rare growth that starts in nerve cells of the brain or spinal cord. Most neuronal tumors are not cancer and tend to grow slowly. They can occur anywhere in the central nervous system and may cause symptoms by pressing on nearby brain tissue. It’s important to ask your care team what this term means for your specific situation rather than assuming a diagnosis or treatment plan.

A neuropathologist is a doctor specially trained to study diseases of the nervous system by examining cells and tissues under a microscope. They help diagnose conditions affecting the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and related tissues. If you see this term in your medical records, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Neuropathy, also called peripheral neuropathy, is nerve damage that can cause numbness, tingling, burning, or weakness, usually in the hands and feet. It can happen as a side effect of cancer treatments like chemotherapy. People with neuropathy need to be careful to prevent falls and protect their hands and feet from injury.

Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules made by the body that help cells communicate. Bombesin is a type of neuropeptide often found in high amounts on some cancer cells, especially small cell lung cancer. If you see the term bombesin or neuropeptide in your medical information, it relates to cancer biology but is not a diagnosis or treatment by itself. Always ask your care team how it applies to your situation.

A neuropsychologist is a type of psychologist who helps diagnose and treat problems related to how the brain works. These problems can affect thinking, memory, emotions, behavior, and social skills. They may happen because of brain injury, disease, or medical treatments like cancer therapy. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for you personally, rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Neuropsychology is the study of how the brain and nervous system relate to thinking, behavior, and emotions. It helps understand how brain injuries, diseases, or treatments like cancer therapy can affect memory, mood, and problem-solving. Neuropsychologists evaluate and support patients experiencing these changes to improve quality of life. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A neuroradiologist is a doctor specially trained to create and interpret images of the nervous system, including the brain, spine, and nerves. They use imaging techniques like X-rays, CT scans, MRI, and ultrasound to help diagnose conditions such as tumors, strokes, or aneurysms. If you see this term in your care, ask your medical team how it relates to your specific situation.

A neurosphere is a small cluster of nerve stem cells grown in a lab. Scientists use neurospheres to study how nerve tissue forms and to test new treatments before they are given to people. Neurospheres can resemble normal nerve tissue or certain tumors. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand the term in context and ask the care team how it relates to individual care, rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

A neurosurgeon is a doctor specially trained to perform surgery on the brain, spine, and nervous system. They play an important role in treating conditions that affect these areas, including some cancers. If you see this term in your medical records or discussions, it’s helpful to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Neurotoxicity means damage to the nervous system caused by certain treatments, chemicals, or exposures. In cancer care, some chemotherapy drugs like oxaliplatin can cause neurotoxicity, leading to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, pain, or sensitivity to cold, especially in the hands and feet. If you see this term, ask your care team how it applies to your situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

A neurotoxin is a substance that can harm nerve tissue. Researchers are studying how certain neurotoxins might help detect cancer cells during imaging tests or deliver treatments directly to tumors. If you see this term in your care, it’s important to ask your medical team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it refers to a diagnosis or treatment.

Neurotransmitters are natural chemicals made by nerve cells that help send messages between nerves, muscles, and glands. In cancer care, terms like adrenaline, acetylcholine, and serotonin may come up when discussing symptoms, side effects, or treatments. Understanding neurotransmitters can help patients and caregivers better follow their care and ask questions about how these chemicals relate to their health.

Neurotrophic Tyrosine Receptor Kinase (NTRK) Gene Fusion is a genetic change where parts of the NTRK gene join with another gene, creating abnormal proteins called TRK fusion proteins. These proteins can cause cancer cells to grow. NTRK gene fusions are found in some cancers, including brain, thyroid, lung, and colon cancers. Understanding this term helps patients discuss test results and treatment options with their care team.

Neurotropism refers to the ability of certain viruses to infect nerve tissue. In cancer care, this term may appear in reports or discussions but does not by itself indicate a diagnosis or treatment plan. Patients and caregivers should ask their care team how neurotropism relates to their specific situation rather than assuming its meaning alone.

Neutropenia is a condition where the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that helps fight infections, is lower than normal. It often occurs during cancer treatment, especially chemotherapy, and can increase the risk of serious infections. Patients and caregivers should understand neutropenia in context and talk with their care team about what it means for their specific situation.

A Neutropenic Diet is a special eating plan designed for cancer patients with weakened immune systems. It aims to reduce the risk of infections by limiting foods that may carry bacteria or other germs. This diet is often used during treatment phases when white blood cell counts are low, helping support nutrition and treatment tolerance while protecting vulnerable patients.

A Neutropenic Diet is a special eating plan for cancer patients with weakened immune systems, especially when white blood cell counts are low. It limits foods that may carry harmful bacteria or germs, such as raw meats, unwashed fruits and vegetables, and unpasteurized dairy. The diet aims to reduce infection risk while supporting nutrition and treatment tolerance during vulnerable times.

Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that help your body fight infections. In cancer care, treatments like chemotherapy can lower neutrophil levels, increasing the risk of infection. Your care team monitors these levels, often called Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC), to guide treatment and safety precautions. If you see this term in your reports, ask your care team what it means for your care.

Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome (also called Gorlin Syndrome, BCNS, or NBCCS) is a rare inherited condition that increases the risk of developing basal cell skin cancer early in life. It can also cause other cancers, non-cancerous tumors, and physical changes like unusual facial features and small pits in the skin on the hands and feet.

A nevus, commonly called a mole, is a benign (non-cancerous) growth on the skin made up of pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Nevi can vary in size, shape, and color, and some types, like dysplastic or atypical nevi, may look different from common moles. While most nevi are harmless, certain types can increase the risk of skin cancer, so monitoring changes is important.

Nevus of Ota, also called oculodermal melanocytosis, is a condition where brown, blue, or gray patches appear on the face, often on the white part of the eye. It is caused by extra pigment cells called melanocytes trapped in the skin and eye tissue. Having nevus of Ota may increase the risk of glaucoma and a rare eye cancer called intraocular melanoma.

The Regenerate / New Biology Lifestyle Program is a lifestyle approach sometimes discussed in cancer care. It may be mentioned for reasons like supporting nutrition, easing symptoms, helping recovery after surgery or chemotherapy, or boosting immune and metabolic health. Patients often explore it to improve quality of life or find additional support alongside standard treatments. Always talk with your healthcare team before starting this program during cancer treatment.

The pH Miracle / New Biology Protocol is a care approach that combines diagnostics, diet, supplements, procedures, coaching, and follow-up, often organized by a practitioner or clinic. It is sometimes discussed in cancer care for prevention, treatment support, or symptom relief. Because cancer patients have special health needs, it’s important to review this protocol with your healthcare team before use.

A new mutation, also called a de novo mutation or variant, is a change in a person’s DNA that appears for the first time and was not inherited from their parents. This new change can happen in an egg or sperm cell, early in embryo development, or in other cells. Some new mutations may play a role in cancer or other diseases. It’s important to ask your care team what this means for your specific situation.

A new variant, also called a de novo mutation or new mutation, is a change in a gene’s DNA sequence that appears for the first time in a person and was not inherited from their parents. This change can happen in an egg or sperm cell, or early in embryo development. Some new variants may affect health, including increasing the risk of cancer or other diseases. It’s important to ask your care team what this means for you personally.

Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) is a virus that infects birds and is being studied as a possible cancer treatment. It may kill cancer cells directly or be used as a cancer vaccine to help the immune system fight cancer. NDV is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for cancer treatment, and research has not proven it effective. Patients may hear about NDV in discussions about complementary or alternative cancer therapies.

Newcastle Disease Virus Therapy is an experimental approach studied for cancer treatment. It uses a virus that infects birds but can also target cancer cells in humans. Some people explore it to help support their immune system or improve quality of life, but it is not approved by the FDA and has not been proven effective as a cancer cure.

Nexavar (also called sorafenib tosylate or BAY 43-9006) is a targeted cancer medicine used to treat certain liver, kidney, and thyroid cancers. It works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow and by stopping tumors from making new blood vessels they need to survive. Nexavar is taken as a pill and may be discussed as a treatment option for cancers that have not responded to other therapies.

Nexium, also known as esomeprazole magnesium, is a medicine that reduces stomach acid. It is commonly used to treat acid reflux and prevent certain stomach ulcers. Researchers are also studying it for preventing esophageal cancer and managing side effects of chemotherapy. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your treatment or symptoms.

Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), also called Massively Parallel Sequencing, is a lab method that reads the genetic code of millions of DNA or RNA fragments all at once. It helps doctors find gene changes in cancer or other diseases, which can guide treatment choices or clinical trial options. Patients may hear these terms when discussing genetic testing results or treatment plans.

NF-Kappa B (also called NF-kB or Nuclear Factor-Kappa B) is a group of proteins that help control important cell functions like growth and survival. In some cancers, NF-Kappa B may be more active or present in higher amounts than usual. It also plays a role in the body’s immune and inflammatory responses, which can affect conditions like asthma or arthritis. Understanding NF-Kappa B in your medical information can help you ask your care team how it relates to your situation.

NF-Kb (also called NF-Kappa B or Nuclear Factor-Kappa B) is a group of proteins inside cells that help control important functions like cell growth, survival, and the body’s immune and inflammatory responses. In some cancers, NF-Kb may be more active or found in higher amounts than usual, which can affect how cancer cells grow. It is also linked to other conditions involving inflammation and the immune system.

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is a rare genetic condition that causes changes in the skin, such as brown spots and freckling, and can lead to tumors on nerves and bone deformities. Most tumors are benign (noncancerous), but some can become cancerous. NF1 often starts in childhood and may cause symptoms that need medical care and monitoring.

Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2), also called Acoustic Neurofibromatosis, is a rare genetic condition where noncancerous tumors grow on nerves related to hearing and balance, often on both sides. These tumors can affect hearing, balance, speech, and swallowing. NF2 requires careful monitoring and sometimes treatment to manage symptoms and protect nerve function.

NFE2L2, also called Nrf2 or nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2, is a protein that helps protect cells from damage caused by unstable molecules called free radicals. It controls certain genes that support the cell’s defense against stress. Patients may see this term in medical reports or discussions, but it is important to understand it in context and ask the care team how it relates to their specific situation.

An NG tube, also called a nasogastric or gastric feeding tube, is a thin tube inserted through the nose into the stomach. It helps deliver liquid food, medicines, or fluids when swallowing is difficult. It can also remove stomach contents if needed. In cancer care, NG tubes support nutrition and treatment but do not by themselves indicate a diagnosis or long-term feeding.

NG-Monomethyl-L-Arginine is a substance related to amino acids that may be used to help manage high blood pressure caused by certain cancer treatments, such as interleukin-2 therapy. It is sometimes mentioned in cancer care when addressing side effects related to blood pressure changes during treatment. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

NG-Nitro-L-Arginine, also called Nitroarginine, is a form of the amino acid arginine being studied for cancer treatment. It may help stop tumor growth by blocking proteins tumors need and reducing blood flow to tumors. Patients may see this term in medical reports or discussions, but it is important to ask your care team how it relates to your care rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

NGR-TNF is a substance being studied in cancer treatment. It combines a protein called tumor necrosis factor (TNF) with a small peptide that targets blood vessels in tumors. This combination aims to damage the tumor’s blood supply. Patients may see this term in medical reports or treatment discussions. It is important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

NGS, or next-generation sequencing, is a lab method that reads the order of DNA or RNA building blocks in many fragments at once. It helps doctors and researchers learn about genetic changes in cancer cells. If you see NGS mentioned, ask your care team how it relates to your care, as it is a tool for understanding cancer, not a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a group of cancers that start in lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. NHL can occur at any age and includes many types that grow slowly or quickly. Symptoms often include swollen lymph nodes, fever, and weight loss. Treatment and outlook depend on the specific type and stage of NHL.

The NHP2 gene makes a protein that helps protect the ends of chromosomes and supports cell function. Changes (mutations) in this gene can lead to abnormal cell growth and are linked to a rare inherited condition called dyskeratosis congenita, which increases the risk of bone marrow problems, lung scarring, and some cancers. If you see this term, ask your care team what it means for your health.

Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid or vitamin B3, is a nutrient the body needs in small amounts to stay healthy. It helps enzymes work properly and supports skin, nerves, and digestion. Niacin is found in many foods and is being studied for its possible role in preventing some cancers. It may also appear in skin creams studied to reduce side effects of certain treatments. Always ask your care team how niacin relates to your care.

Niacinamide, also called nicotinamide, is a form of vitamin B3 found in many foods and supplements. It is used to treat diabetes and some skin conditions and is being studied for its potential to help in cancer treatment by making cancer cells more sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy. Niacinamide is water-soluble and must be taken daily. It may appear under different names, so checking the exact term in medical reports can help avoid confusion.

Nicotinamide, also called niacinamide, is a form of vitamin B3 that the body needs in small amounts to stay healthy. It is found in many foods and supplements. Nicotinamide is used to treat diabetes and some skin conditions and is being studied for its potential to help cancer treatments work better by making cancer cells more sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy.

Nicotine is a chemical found in tobacco that causes addiction and affects the heart and brain. In cancer care, nicotine may come up in discussions about quitting smoking, managing symptoms, or exploring supportive treatments. It is not a cancer treatment and can have risks, so patients should always talk with their healthcare team before using nicotine products during cancer treatment.

Nicotine gum is a chewing gum that delivers a small amount of nicotine through the lining of the mouth. It helps reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms when quitting smoking or other tobacco products. Nicotine gum is available without a prescription and is part of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), which supports people trying to stop tobacco use by easing the physical urge for nicotine.

A nicotine inhaler is a prescription device approved by the FDA to help people quit smoking. It delivers nicotine vapor that is absorbed through the mouth lining, easing cravings and withdrawal symptoms without using tobacco. It is different from electronic cigarettes and is sometimes called "the puffer." Patients should talk with their care team about how it might fit into their quitting plan.

A nicotine lozenge is a small, candy-like tablet that slowly dissolves in the mouth to release nicotine. It helps reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms for people trying to quit smoking. Available over the counter in different strengths, nicotine lozenges are part of nicotine replacement therapy. It’s important to use them carefully, especially if you have certain health conditions or are pregnant, and to talk with your healthcare team about how they fit your quitting plan.

Nicotine nasal spray is a prescription medicine that delivers a small dose of nicotine through the nose to help reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms when quitting smoking. Common side effects include a hot or peppery feeling in the nose or throat, sneezing, coughing, watery eyes, and runny nose, especially during the first week. These symptoms usually improve with continued use. Always talk with your care team about how this treatment might fit your personal quitting plan.

A nicotine patch is a small adhesive patch worn on the skin that slowly releases nicotine into the bloodstream. It helps reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms when quitting smoking. Nicotine patches are often used as part of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) to support people trying to stop tobacco use. They are available with or without a prescription and may be discussed in cancer care for symptom relief or quitting support.

Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) uses special products like gum, patches, lozenges, inhalers, or nasal sprays to provide small, steady amounts of nicotine. This helps reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms when quitting smoking or other tobacco use. These products do not contain the harmful chemicals found in tobacco and are often used as part of a plan to stop smoking.

A nicotine vaccine is an experimental treatment designed to help people quit smoking by encouraging the body to make antibodies against nicotine. These antibodies may block nicotine from reaching the brain, which could reduce cravings. It is still being studied and is not yet a standard treatment. Patients should discuss with their care team how this might relate to their own health and quitting goals.

Nicotinic acid, also called niacin or vitamin B3, is a nutrient the body needs in small amounts to stay healthy. It helps enzymes work properly and supports the health of skin, nerves, and digestion. Found in many foods, nicotinic acid is being studied for its possible role in preventing some cancers and is sometimes used in skin creams to reduce side effects of certain treatments.

Night sweats are episodes of heavy sweating during sleep that can soak clothes and bedding. They are common in people undergoing cancer treatment, such as surgery to remove testicles for prostate cancer, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy. Night sweats may also occur during menopause or due to other medical conditions. If you experience night sweats, it’s important to talk with your care team about what they mean for you.

The NIH, or National Institutes of Health, is a U.S. government agency that leads medical research to improve health. It supports studies on many diseases, including cancer, and shares information to help patients and doctors. When you see NIH mentioned, it usually refers to research or resources, not a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome (NBS) is a rare inherited condition caused by a gene mutation affecting DNA repair. It leads to growth and developmental problems, a weakened immune system, and a higher risk of certain cancers, especially lymphomas and brain tumors. People with NBS often have frequent infections and distinctive physical features. Understanding NBS helps guide care and monitoring but requires personalized discussion with healthcare providers.

Nilandron, also known as nilutamide, is a medication used to treat prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It works by blocking male hormones that can help cancer grow. Nilandron is often given with other hormone therapies and may be known by different brand names depending on the country.

NILM (Negative For Intraepithelial Lesion Or Malignancy) is a Pap test result showing no cancer or abnormal cells on the cervix. It means the cervical cells look normal, though mild changes from infection or inflammation may be noted. This result is also called a negative or normal Pap test result and usually means no immediate treatment is needed.

Nilotinib, also known by the brand name Tasigna, is a medicine used to treat a type of blood cancer called chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) that has a specific genetic change called the Philadelphia chromosome. It works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow. Nilotinib is taken by mouth and is approved for use in adults and children with certain forms of CML.

Nilutamide, also known by the brand name Nilandron, is a medicine used to treat prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It works by blocking male hormones that can help cancer grow. Nilutamide is usually taken by mouth and is often combined with other hormone therapies to improve treatment effects and reduce side effects.

Nimodipine is a medicine mainly used to prevent blood vessel spasms in the brain after a type of bleeding called subarachnoid hemorrhage. It belongs to a group of drugs called calcium channel blockers. While it is being studied for use with cancer treatments, it is not a standard cancer drug. Patients should always ask their care team how nimodipine relates to their own treatment.

Nimotuzumab, also known as Theraloc, is a type of monoclonal antibody that attaches to a protein called epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). This protein is found on some normal cells and certain cancer cells. Nimotuzumab is being studied as a treatment to help stop cancer cells from growing by blocking EGFR. Patients may see this term in reports or treatment discussions and should ask their care team how it applies to their situation.

Nimustine is a chemotherapy drug studied for treating certain cancers, including some brain tumors. It works by damaging the DNA inside cancer cells, which may help stop their growth. Nimustine belongs to a group of drugs called alkylating agents and nitrosoureas. Like other chemotherapy medicines, it can have side effects, so it’s important to discuss its use and effects with your cancer care team.

Ninlaro (ixazomib citrate) is a medicine taken by mouth to treat multiple myeloma, a type of blood cancer. It is used together with lenalidomide and dexamethasone for patients who have already had at least one other treatment. Ninlaro works by blocking enzymes called proteasomes, which may help stop cancer cells from growing and may kill them. It may also be called ixazomib citrate in medical records.

Nipent, also known as pentostatin, is a chemotherapy drug used to treat certain blood cancers like hairy cell leukemia and some cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). It works by blocking a protein that cancer cells need to grow, helping to slow or stop their spread. Patients may see Nipent mentioned in treatment plans or medical reports, and it’s important to discuss with the care team how it applies to their specific situation.

The nipple is the small raised area at the center of the breast through which milk flows during breastfeeding. Changes in the nipple, such as discharge, redness, scaling, or puckering, can sometimes be signs of breast conditions, including breast cancer. Both women and men can experience nipple changes, and these symptoms should be evaluated by a healthcare provider.

Nipple discharge is fluid that comes from the nipple and is not breast milk. It can happen suddenly, be clear or bloody, and may occur in one or both breasts. Sometimes it is linked to breast changes like lumps, pain, or skin redness. While nipple discharge can be caused by non-cancerous conditions, it can also be a sign of breast cancer, so it’s important to have it checked by a healthcare provider.

Niraparib tosylate monohydrate, also known as Zejula, is a medicine used to treat certain types of ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer. It works by blocking an enzyme that helps cancer cells repair damaged DNA. It is also part of a combination medicine called Akeega, used with prednisone to treat some adults with prostate cancer that has spread and no longer responds to hormone-lowering treatments.

Akeega is a medicine combining two drugs, niraparib tosylate monohydrate and abiraterone acetate, used with prednisone to treat adults with prostate cancer that has spread and no longer responds to hormone-lowering treatments. It is especially for patients with certain BRCA gene changes. This combination works by targeting cancer cells in two ways to help slow cancer growth.

Nirogacestat hydrobromide, also called Ogsiveo, is a medicine approved to treat adults with desmoid tumors that have worsened. It works by blocking a protein called gamma secretase, which helps stop signals that encourage tumor growth. Researchers are also studying it for other types of cancer. This drug is a type of targeted therapy designed to slow or stop tumor cells from growing.

Nitric acid is a strong, corrosive chemical used mainly in industry. It is sometimes mentioned as an ingredient in unproven cancer treatment mixtures like Cancell or Cantron. These mixtures contain chemicals such as nitric acid but have not been shown to fight cancer. It’s important to discuss any mention of nitric acid or related products with your healthcare team rather than assuming it is a cancer treatment.

Nitric Oxide-Releasing Acetylsalicylic Acid Derivative, also called NCX 4016, is a special form of aspirin that releases nitric oxide gas. This may help protect the stomach lining and reduce irritation compared to regular aspirin. It is being studied for its potential to help prevent colorectal cancer but is not yet approved for cancer treatment or prevention.

Nitroarginine, also called NG-Nitro-L-Arginine, is a form of the amino acid arginine being studied in cancer treatment. It may help slow tumor growth by blocking proteins tumors need and reducing blood flow to tumors. Patients might see this term in medical reports or discussions, but it is important to ask your care team how it relates to your care rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Nitrocamptothecin is a type of cancer drug known as a topoisomerase inhibitor. It is related to a drug called rubitecan, which was studied for treating pancreatic and other solid tumors. This drug is taken by mouth but is not widely approved or used. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your treatment or diagnosis.

Nitroglycerin is a medicine used to widen blood vessels and treat heart conditions like angina (chest pain). It has been used since the late 1800s and is also studied for helping chemotherapy work better by making cancer cells more sensitive to treatment. Nitroglycerin is a powerful drug with a history as an explosive, so it should only be used as directed by a healthcare provider.

Nitrosamines are chemicals found in tobacco products, tobacco smoke, and some foods. Some nitrosamines have caused cancer in animals and may increase cancer risk in people. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand nitrosamines in context and ask your care team how this relates to your health, rather than seeing the term alone as a diagnosis or treatment advice.

Nitrosoureas are a group of chemotherapy drugs that work by damaging the DNA inside cancer cells, making it harder for them to grow and survive. These drugs can cross into the brain, so they are often used to treat brain tumors and some other cancers. Nitrosoureas may be given alone or with other treatments, and they can have side effects that your care team will help manage.

Nivestym is a medicine used to help the body make more white blood cells, especially in people with certain cancers who develop low white blood cell counts (neutropenia) from chemotherapy. It is also used for people with severe chronic neutropenia not caused by cancer treatment. Nivestym helps reduce infection risk and supports blood cell collection before some stem cell transplants.

Nivolumab (brand name Opdivo) is a type of immunotherapy drug called an immune checkpoint inhibitor. It helps the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. Nivolumab is used to treat several cancers, including lung, kidney, melanoma, bladder, head and neck, esophageal, and others. It may be given alone or with other medicines depending on the cancer type and stage.

Nivolumab and hyaluronidase (brand name Opdivo Qvantig) is a type of immunotherapy drug used to treat various cancers. It works by helping the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. This medicine is given as a quick injection under the skin and is often used alone or with chemotherapy for cancers such as lung, kidney, melanoma, head and neck, bladder, and others.

Nivolumab and relatlimab (brand name Opdualag) is a combination immunotherapy used to treat melanoma that has spread or cannot be removed by surgery. It works by helping the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. This treatment is approved for adults and children aged 12 years and older and is being studied for other cancers as well.

NK cells, or natural killer cells, are a type of white blood cell that help the body fight infections and cancer by killing harmful or abnormal cells. They are part of the immune system’s early defense. Sometimes, NK cells can be involved in a rare chronic blood cancer called NK-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia (NK-LGLL). Understanding NK cells can help patients better follow their care and test results.

Natural killer (NK) cells are a type of white blood cell that help protect the body by quickly killing tumor cells and virus-infected cells. NK-LGL refers to these cells, which contain enzymes to destroy harmful cells. Sometimes, NK cells can be involved in a rare, slow-growing blood cancer called NK-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia (NK-LGLL). If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your diagnosis or treatment.

NK-LGL Leukemia is a rare, slow-growing blood cancer that affects natural killer (NK) cells, a type of white blood cell important for immune defense. In this condition, abnormal NK cells with granules build up in the blood, which can cause symptoms or remain stable for years. It is also called natural killer-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia or NK-LGLL.

Natural Killer-Cell Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia (NK-LGLL) is a rare, slow-growing blood cancer affecting natural killer (NK) cells, a type of white blood cell important for immune defense. In NK-LGLL, these NK cells become abnormal and build up in the blood, which can affect immune function and blood counts. Some people have symptoms like fatigue or infections, while others may have no symptoms at first.

Natural killer T (NKT) cells are special immune cells that share features of both T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. They help the body’s early defense by killing harmful invaders like bacteria and viruses. NKT cells also release signaling proteins called cytokines and can sometimes attack cancer cells directly or help other immune cells do so.

Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) is a rare, slow-growing type of Hodgkin lymphoma, a cancer of the immune system’s B cells. It involves special cancer cells called lymphocyte-predominant or popcorn cells, which are different from the usual Hodgkin lymphoma cells. NLPHL may also be called LPHL or lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. Understanding the exact diagnosis helps guide treatment and monitoring.

The National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) was a large research study that compared low-dose CT scans with chest X-rays to find lung cancer early in heavy smokers aged 55 to 74. It showed that low-dose CT scans can reduce the risk of dying from lung cancer by detecting it sooner than X-rays. The study helped guide lung cancer screening recommendations for people at high risk.

Nm stands for nanomole, a unit measuring a very small amount of a substance—one billionth of a mole. In cancer care, Nm may appear in lab reports or test results, especially when measuring proteins like NMP22, which can be higher in urine from some cancers such as bladder cancer. Because Nm can refer to different things, it’s important to ask your care team what it means in your specific situation.

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), also called NES or therapeutic electrical stimulation, is a therapy that uses small electrical impulses to activate muscles that are weak or paralyzed. It helps improve muscle strength, blood flow, and movement while reducing muscle spasms. NMES is often used in rehabilitation after illness, injury, or cancer-related muscle problems, but it is not a treatment for cancer itself.

NMP22 (Nuclear Matrix Protein 22) is a protein found inside cells that may appear in higher amounts in the urine of people with some cancers, especially bladder cancer. Measuring NMP22 levels in urine can help doctors detect cancer or monitor how well treatment is working. If you see this term in your medical records, ask your care team what it means for your situation.

NMRI, also called Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging, is a painless test that uses magnets, radio waves, and a computer to create detailed pictures inside the body. It helps doctors see soft tissues like the brain, spinal cord, muscles, and organs without using radiation. NMRI is often used to diagnose disease, plan treatment, or check how well treatment is working.

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) is a rare but serious reaction to certain medications used to treat mental illness or nausea. It causes symptoms like high fever, muscle stiffness, confusion, sweating, and unstable blood pressure. NMS can be life-threatening and needs quick medical attention. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it applies to you directly.

No Sugar Feeds Cancer Diet Variants are nutrition plans that focus on reducing or eliminating sugar intake, discussed in cancer care for their potential effects on nutrition, metabolism, inflammation, digestion, immune health, and treatment tolerance. These diets are sometimes considered as supportive care or alternative approaches but should always be reviewed with healthcare providers to ensure safety and appropriateness during cancer treatment.

No Treatment is a term that may appear in medical discussions or records, especially during follow-up visits or clinical trials. It means that no active medical intervention is being given at that time. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand this term in context and ask the care team what it means for their specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Nocebo refers to a harmless substance or treatment that causes harmful side effects or worsened symptoms because a person expects or believes these effects will happen. It often appears in medical studies when people experience side effects from a placebo—an inactive treatment—simply because they were told what to expect. Understanding nocebo helps patients and caregivers recognize how expectations can influence symptoms.

The nocebo effect happens when a person experiences side effects or symptoms simply because they expect them to occur, even if the treatment or substance is harmless. This means that worries or negative expectations about a treatment can sometimes cause real symptoms. It’s important to understand this effect in context and talk with your care team about what it means for you personally.

Node-negative cancer means that the cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that help fight infection and are often checked to see if cancer has spread. Being node-negative can influence treatment choices and outlook, but its meaning can vary depending on the type of cancer and other factors.

Node-positive cancer means that cancer cells have spread to nearby lymph nodes. This term is often used in breast cancer to describe when cancer has reached lymph nodes near the breast. Understanding node-positive status helps guide treatment decisions and assess the risk of cancer coming back. Patients should discuss with their care team what node-positive means for their specific situation.

Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) is a rare, slow-growing type of Hodgkin lymphoma, a cancer of the immune system’s B cells. It involves special cancer cells called lymphocyte-predominant or popcorn cells, which differ from the usual Hodgkin lymphoma cells. NLPHL may sometimes change into a more aggressive lymphoma, so careful monitoring and personalized care are important.

Nodular parenchyma is a small lump or mass of tissue within a gland or organ that performs the organ’s specialized functions. It is a descriptive term used in medical reports and does not by itself indicate a diagnosis or treatment plan. Patients should discuss what this term means for their specific situation with their healthcare team.

A nodule is a small lump or growth that can appear in the thyroid gland or other parts of the body. Nodules may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). Finding and understanding nodules is important because some may need further tests or treatment to ensure they are not harmful.

Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept, also called Anktiva, is a medicine used with BCG therapy to treat certain bladder cancers that have not improved after BCG alone. It helps boost the immune system’s ability to fight cancer cells and is given directly into the bladder. This treatment offers a newer option for patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer that has not responded to prior therapy.

Nolatrexed, also known as AG337 or Thymitaq, is a drug being studied as a possible treatment for liver cancer. It belongs to a group of medicines called thymidylate synthase inhibitors, which work by blocking an enzyme cancer cells need to grow. Nolatrexed is not yet a standard treatment but may be offered in clinical trials as researchers learn more about its safety and effectiveness.

A nomogram is a simple visual tool that helps estimate medical outcomes or measurements by showing relationships between different factors. In cancer care, nomograms can help predict how a patient might do based on their personal and disease details. They are not a diagnosis or treatment plan but a way to understand risks or doses more clearly when explained by your care team.

Non-AIDS-Defining Cancers (NADCs) are cancers that occur more often in people living with HIV than in those without HIV. These include Hodgkin lymphoma and cancers of the mouth, throat, liver, lung, and anus. Unlike AIDS-defining cancers, NADCs can develop even when the immune system is not severely weakened. Other factors like age, viral infections, smoking, and alcohol use can also increase risk.

Non-atrophic gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining often caused by a long-lasting infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. While it does not immediately thin the stomach lining, it can progress to atrophic gastritis, which involves thinning and increases the risk of certain stomach cancers. Understanding this term in context and discussing it with your care team is important for personalized care.

Non-cardia gastric cancer is a type of stomach cancer that starts in the main part of the stomach, excluding the area closest to the esophagus. Risk factors include long-term infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), smoking, and eating too much salt. Most of these cancers are adenocarcinomas, which begin in mucus-producing cells lining the stomach.

Non-Endometrioid Cancer refers to certain types of cancer that develop in the non-glandular tissues of the lining of the uterus (endometrium) or the ovary. These cancers include serous, clear cell, mixed, and mucinous carcinomas. They tend to grow and spread more quickly than endometrioid cancers and usually have a less favorable outlook. It is important to discuss what this term means for each individual with the care team.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a group of cancers that start in lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell in the immune system. NHL can occur at any age and includes many types that grow slowly or quickly. Common signs include swollen lymph nodes, fever, weight loss, and night sweats. Diagnosis and treatment depend on the specific type and stage of the disease.

A non-inferiority trial is a type of medical study that tests whether a new treatment works at least as well as an existing active treatment. These trials are often done when using a placebo (inactive treatment) is not possible. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand this term in context and discuss with the care team how it relates to individual care decisions.

Non-ionizing radiation is a type of low-energy radiation that does not have enough energy to damage DNA or cells directly. It includes visible light, infrared, microwaves, radio waves, and radiofrequency energy from devices like cell phones. Most non-ionizing radiation has not been found to cause cancer. If you have questions about radiation exposure, ask your health care provider about risks and benefits related to your care.

A non-myeloablative transplant, also called a mini-transplant or reduced-intensity transplant, is a type of donor stem cell transplant that uses lower doses of chemotherapy or radiation than a standard transplant. It is often an option for people who are older or have health issues that make a full transplant too risky. This approach helps restore healthy blood cells while reducing some side effects of stronger treatments.

Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (NREM), also called non-REM sleep, includes the first three stages of sleep when your body moves from light to deep rest. During NREM sleep, your brain activity, breathing, and heart rate slow down, muscles relax, and eye movements stop. This restful phase helps your body repair tissues, build muscle and bone, and support your immune system. It is a key part of normal sleep cycles.

Non-REM sleep, also called non-rapid eye movement sleep or NREM sleep, is the restful part of sleep when your body moves from light to deep rest. During this time, your brain activity, breathing, and heart rate slow down, muscles relax, and eye movements stop. Non-REM sleep helps your body repair tissues, build muscle and bone, and support your immune system. It is a key part of normal sleep cycles.

Non-serous epithelial ovarian cancer refers to certain less common types of ovarian cancers that start in the tissue covering the ovary. The main types include clear cell carcinoma, endometrioid carcinoma, and mucinous carcinoma. Each type looks different under a microscope and may behave differently. It’s important for patients and caregivers to discuss what this term means for their specific diagnosis and treatment with their care team.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer, made up of several kinds of lung tumors that look different under a microscope. It grows and spreads differently than small cell lung cancer, and treatment depends on the type and stage of the cancer. Knowing you have NSCLC helps your care team decide the best treatment plan for you.

Environmental Toxin Avoidance, also called Non-Toxic Living, is an approach some people use during cancer care to reduce exposure to pesticides, pollutants, and household chemicals. It aims to support comfort, reduce stress, improve mobility, and help with symptom relief or recovery. This approach is supportive and is not a substitute for standard cancer treatments.

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a condition where fat builds up in the liver of people who drink little or no alcohol. It often causes no symptoms but can sometimes lead to liver inflammation and damage. NAFLD is more common in people with obesity, diabetes, or high blood fats. Doctors diagnose it using medical history, exams, blood tests, imaging, and sometimes a liver biopsy. Weight loss is a common treatment.

Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) is a liver disease where fat builds up in the liver of people who drink little or no alcohol. This fat causes inflammation and damage to liver cells, which can lead to scarring, liver failure, and increases the risk of liver cancer. NASH is more common in middle-aged adults who are overweight, have diabetes, or high blood fats.

The nonavalent vaccine is a vaccine that protects against nine types of human papillomavirus (HPV). It helps prevent infections that cause most genital warts and several cancers, including cervical, anal, vaginal, vulvar, penile, and some head and neck cancers. Gardasil 9 is the brand name for this vaccine, approved for use in people aged 9 to 45 years.

Nonblinded, also called an open label study, is a type of medical study where both patients and health care providers know which treatment is being given. This term often appears in cancer care reports or research. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand the term in context and ask the care team how it relates to their individual situation, rather than assuming it means a specific diagnosis or treatment choice.

A noncarrier is a person who does not have a specific disease-causing gene mutation found in their family. This term is often used in genetics to describe someone who has not inherited a gene change linked to certain conditions. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand this term in context and ask healthcare providers how it applies to their individual situation.

A Nonconsecutive Case Series is a type of clinical study that includes only some of the patients who could have been part of the study during a set time. It usually does not have a comparison group. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand this term in context and ask your care team how it relates to your own care, rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment advice.

Noncontiguous lymphoma is a type of lymphoma where cancer is found in lymph nodes that are not directly next to each other but are located on the same side of the diaphragm, the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen. Understanding this term is important in the context of your overall diagnosis and treatment plan, so always discuss what it means for you with your healthcare team.

A nonfunctioning tumor, also called an endocrine-inactive tumor, is a growth found in hormone-producing (endocrine) tissue that does not produce extra hormones. These tumors often do not cause symptoms until they grow large or spread. It’s important to understand this term in context and ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Nongerminoma is a type of tumor that starts in germ cells, which are cells that develop into sperm or eggs. These tumors often grow faster and are diagnosed at a younger age than germinomas. They can occur in the ovaries, testicles, brain, or other parts of the body. Nongerminomas usually produce certain hormones and tend to be more aggressive. It’s important to discuss what this term means for each person’s unique situation with the care team.

Nonhematologic cancer is any cancer that starts outside the blood or bone marrow. It includes many common cancers like those of the breast, lung, colon, or skin. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand this term in context and ask your care team how it relates to your specific diagnosis or treatment plan.

Nonheritable cancer means the cancer is not caused by inherited genetic changes and there is no family history increasing risk. Instead, the cancer arises from DNA changes that happen during a person’s life. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers ask the right questions about their diagnosis and treatment, rather than assuming it defines their care plan alone.

Noni, also known as Morinda citrifolia, is a tropical shrub whose fruit extract is being studied for potential use in cancer treatment. Extracts from its fruit, leaves, or roots have been used in some cultures to treat various diseases. While not a standard cancer therapy, it may appear in discussions about complementary approaches.

Noninvasive means a medical test or procedure that does not involve cutting into the body or inserting instruments through the skin or body openings. In cancer care, it often refers to imaging tests or early-stage tumors that have not spread beyond their original tissue. Patients should ask their care team how the term applies to their situation rather than assuming it describes a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Noninvasive papillary carcinoma is an early form of bladder or urinary tract cancer where abnormal cells grow in finger-like shapes but have not spread into deeper tissues. It is also called stage 0a bladder cancer or stage 0a transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter. Understanding this term in context and discussing it with your care team is important for personalized diagnosis and treatment planning.

Nonlytic refers to a way some viruses or drugs work without destroying the cells they affect. For example, murepavadin is a new antibiotic being developed to treat serious lung infections caused by the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It works through a nonlytic mechanism, meaning it targets bacteria in a way that doesn’t break open their cell membranes. Patients should ask their care team how this term relates to their specific situation.

Nonmalignant, also called benign, describes tumors or growths that are not cancer. These growths usually stay in one place and do not spread to other parts of the body. Knowing if a tumor is nonmalignant helps doctors decide on the best treatment. Patients should always discuss what this term means for their specific situation with their healthcare team.

A nonmalignant hematologic disorder is a blood condition that is not cancerous. These disorders affect the blood or blood-forming tissues but do not involve cancer cells. Some of these conditions may increase the risk of developing blood cancers like leukemia. Understanding this term can help patients and caregivers recognize the difference between cancerous and noncancerous blood problems.

Nonmelanoma skin cancer is a common type of skin cancer that starts in the outer layer of the skin. The two main types are basal cell carcinoma (BCC), which begins in the lower layer of the skin’s surface, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which starts in the upper layer. These cancers often appear on areas exposed to sunlight, like the face, neck, and hands, and are usually treatable.

Nonmelanoma Skin Carcinoma In Situ On The Eyelid is an early-stage skin cancer where abnormal cells are found only in the top layer of skin on the eyelid. It is also called stage 0 nonmelanoma skin carcinoma in situ. This condition involves basal or squamous cells and has not yet spread deeper or to other areas. Treatment and outlook depend on the cancer type, size, location, and overall health.

Nonmelanoma Skin Carcinoma In Situ On The Head And Neck (Not On The Eyelid) is an early form of skin cancer where abnormal cells are found only in the top layer of skin on the head or neck, excluding the eyelid. It is also called stage 0 nonmelanoma skin carcinoma in situ. This condition includes basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, which are common skin cancers often related to sun exposure.

Nonmelanomatous refers to types of skin cancer that develop in the lower layers of the skin or in certain skin cells called squamous cells, but not in pigment-producing cells known as melanocytes. It includes common skin cancers like basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers discuss skin cancer diagnosis and treatment more clearly with their care team.

Nonmetastatic cancer means the cancer has not spread from where it started to other parts of the body. In lung cancer, this usually refers to early stages where the tumor is limited to the lung or nearby areas. Knowing if cancer is nonmetastatic helps doctors decide the best treatment options and plan care accordingly.

Nonopioid drugs are pain relievers that do not belong to the opioid family. Common examples include acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin and ibuprofen. These medications are often used to manage mild to moderate pain and can be part of a broader pain treatment plan, especially for people with chronic pain or cancer-related pain.

Nonpenetrance means having a gene mutation linked to cancer but never developing the disease. For example, a woman with a BRCA1 mutation may never get breast cancer, even though her risk is higher. It’s important to understand this term in context and talk with your care team about what it means for you personally, rather than assuming it predicts a certain outcome.

Nonprescription, also called over-the-counter (OTC), refers to medicines you can buy without a doctor’s prescription. These drugs are generally safe for treating minor health issues without direct medical supervision. Examples include pain relievers like aspirin or acetaminophen. It’s important to understand how this term applies to your care by asking your healthcare team, rather than assuming it means a specific diagnosis or treatment.

A nonrandomized clinical trial is a study where participants are not assigned to treatment groups by chance. Instead, they may choose their group or be placed by researchers. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand this term in context and discuss with the care team how it relates to individual care decisions.

Nonseminoma is a type of germ cell tumor that usually starts in the testicles or ovaries but can also appear in other parts of the body. These tumors often grow faster and affect younger people than seminomas. Nonseminomas include several tumor types and may be made up of more than one kind of cancer cell. Understanding the specific tumor type helps guide treatment and follow-up.

A nonsense mutation is a change in a gene’s DNA that causes the cell to stop making a protein too early. This results in a shorter, often nonworking protein. Also called a nonsense variant, these mutations can affect how cells function and may be involved in some genetic diseases and cancers. Understanding this term can help patients and caregivers better interpret genetic test results or medical reports.

A nonsense variant, also called a nonsense mutation, is a change in a gene’s DNA that causes the cell to stop making a protein too early. This results in a shorter protein that often cannot work properly. These changes can affect how cells function and may be involved in some genetic diseases and cancers. Understanding this term can help you better interpret genetic test results or medical reports.

Nonspecific immune cells are part of your body’s first defense against infections and injuries. These cells, like macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells, respond to many different germs or harmful substances, not just one specific type. They help protect you by quickly recognizing and attacking anything that doesn’t belong in your body.

Nonspecific immune stimulation is a type of cancer treatment that boosts the immune system in a general way, rather than targeting cancer cells directly. It uses medicines like BCG, interferon alpha, and certain interleukins to help the body’s natural defenses fight cancer. Side effects vary and depend on the person’s health, cancer type, and treatment details. Always ask your care team how this applies to your situation.

A nonspecific immunomodulating agent is a substance that affects the immune system in a general way. It may help the body fight cancer, infections, or other conditions by stimulating or sometimes suppressing immune activity. Examples include BCG and levamisole. Side effects and effects vary by individual, so it’s important to discuss what this term means for you with your healthcare team.

Nonstarchy vegetables are vegetables that contain little or no starch, usually lower in sugar and higher in fiber compared to starchy vegetables. Examples include broccoli, carrots, celery, peppers, tomatoes, and zucchini. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand this term in context and ask the care team how it applies personally, rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment advice.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are medicines that reduce pain, swelling, redness, and fever without using steroids. Common examples include ibuprofen and aspirin. NSAIDs are often used to relieve symptoms like pain or inflammation caused by conditions such as gout or cancer treatment side effects. They may also affect blood clotting and have possible side effects on the stomach, kidneys, and heart.

Nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors are medicines that lower estrogen levels by blocking an enzyme called aromatase. This helps slow the growth of some cancers that need estrogen to grow. Aminoglutethimide is one example. These drugs are part of hormone therapy and are used mainly for hormone-sensitive cancers like certain breast cancers. Always ask your care team how this applies to your treatment.

Nonthermal mechanical tissue ablation is a way to destroy tissue using mechanical forces instead of heat, cold, cutting, or radiation. It uses focused ultrasound waves to create tiny bubbles that break apart tumor tissue. This method is mainly used to treat certain liver tumors without surgery or needles. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Nontoxic means not harmful or damaging. In cancer care, this word can describe treatments, tests, or symptoms that do not cause harm. Its meaning depends on the context, so patients should ask their care team how it applies to their specific situation rather than assuming it means no risk or side effects.

Noonan syndrome is a genetic condition that can cause unique facial features, short height, heart defects, and bleeding problems. People with Noonan syndrome have a higher risk of certain cancers like rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, and some leukemias. If you see this term in your care, ask your healthcare team how it relates to your or your loved one’s situation.

Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML), also called LEOPARD syndrome, is a rare genetic condition that affects many parts of the body. It causes small dark spots on the skin called lentigines, heart problems, unusual facial features, and sometimes hearing loss or learning difficulties. NSML is caused by changes in certain genes involved in cell growth and development. It is important to understand how this condition applies to each person and to discuss it with your care team.

The NOP10 gene helps make proteins and protect chromosome ends. Changes (mutations) in this gene are linked to a rare inherited condition called dyskeratosis congenita, which affects skin, nails, and mouth lining. This condition can increase risks for bone marrow problems, lung scarring, and some cancers. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your health.

Noradrenaline, also called norepinephrine, is a hormone and chemical messenger made by nerve cells and the adrenal glands. It helps the body respond to stress by raising heart rate and blood pressure. In cancer care, noradrenaline is important because rare tumors in the adrenal glands can affect its levels, influencing diagnosis and treatment decisions. Patients should ask their care team how this term relates to their specific situation.

Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid (NDGA), also called masoprocol or Actinex, is a medication applied to the skin to treat growths caused by sun damage, such as precancerous lesions. It acts as an antioxidant and may block enzymes that tumors need to grow. An oral form is being studied for prostate cancer but is not yet a standard treatment.

Norepinephrine, also called noradrenaline, is a natural chemical made by nerve cells and the adrenal glands. It acts as both a hormone and a messenger in the body, helping control heart rate, blood pressure, and the body’s response to stress. In cancer care, norepinephrine levels may be checked because some tumors affect its production, influencing symptoms and treatment decisions.

A Normal Pap Test Result means no cancer or abnormal cells were found on the cervix’s surface. It is also called negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM). This result suggests healthy cervical cells, though mild inflammation or infection may still be present. It differs from abnormal Pap results that show cell changes needing further follow-up.

Normal Range, also called reference range or reference interval, is the set of values that most healthy people have for a medical test. It helps doctors understand if your test results are typical or unusual. However, being outside the normal range doesn’t always mean there is a health problem. It’s important to discuss what your specific results mean with your care team.

Nortriptyline, also known by brand names Aventyl and Pamelor, is a medication mainly used to treat depression. It can also help with anxiety, certain types of pain, and support quitting smoking. In cancer care, it may be prescribed to manage symptoms like nerve pain or emotional distress, improving quality of life during and after treatment.

Norvir is the brand name for ritonavir, a medication used with other drugs to treat HIV infection. It helps stop the virus from making copies of itself. Norvir may also be used to boost the effects of other HIV medicines and is sometimes studied for other infections or cancer. Patients should ask their care team how Norvir fits into their treatment plan rather than assuming its meaning from the name alone.

Organ Meats, also called Nose-to-Tail Nutrient Density, refer to eating parts of animals like liver, heart, or kidneys. In cancer care, these nutrient-rich foods may be discussed for reasons such as supporting nutrition, helping with symptoms, improving treatment tolerance, or boosting recovery. Patients interested in complementary approaches sometimes explore organ meats, but it’s important to talk with your healthcare team before adding them during cancer treatment.

A notary public is a person authorized by law to witness the signing of important documents, confirm identities, and take sworn statements. In cancer care, seeing this term means a document related to your care or legal matters may need official verification. It is not a medical diagnosis or treatment but a legal role to help ensure documents are valid and trustworthy.

Novobiocin is an antibiotic used to treat infections caused by certain bacteria, including MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). It works by targeting bacterial enzymes to stop their growth. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand novobiocin in the context of individual care and to ask the healthcare team how it relates to their specific situation.

An NP, or nurse practitioner, is a registered nurse with extra education and training to diagnose and treat health conditions. In cancer care, NPs often help manage patients’ overall health and symptoms, working closely with doctors. If you see 'NP' in your medical information, it’s important to ask your care team what role this person plays in your care.

Nplate, also called romiplostim or AMG 531, is a medicine that helps increase low platelet counts in adults and some children with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) when other treatments haven’t worked. It encourages the bone marrow to make more platelets, which are blood cells that help stop bleeding. It may also appear under related names such as AMG 531, Romiplostim.

NPO is a medical abbreviation from Latin meaning “nothing by mouth.” It is an instruction to avoid eating or drinking before certain medical tests, procedures, or treatments. In cancer care, understanding when and why NPO is used helps patients prepare safely and avoid complications. Always ask your healthcare team what NPO means for your specific situation.

Negative Predictive Value (NPV) is a measure of how likely it is that a person with a negative test result truly does not have the disease or condition being tested. In cancer care, NPV helps patients and doctors understand how reliable a negative test result is, giving more confidence when a test shows no sign of cancer, gene mutation, or biomarker.

NR-LU-10 Antigen is a protein found on the surface of some cancer cells. It is a biological marker that may be mentioned in cancer reports or research. Understanding this term can help patients and caregivers better follow discussions about diagnosis, treatment, or clinical trials involving certain cancers. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

NREM sleep, or non-rapid eye movement sleep, is the restful part of sleep that includes three stages where your body moves from light to deep rest. During NREM sleep, brain activity, breathing, and heart rate slow down, muscles relax, and eye movements stop. This phase helps your body repair tissues, build muscle and bone, and support your immune system. It is a key part of normal sleep cycles.

Nrf2, also called NFE2L2 or nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2, is a protein that helps protect cells from damage caused by unstable molecules called free radicals. It controls certain genes that support the cell’s defense against stress. You might see this term in medical reports or discussions, but it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

NSAIDs, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are medicines that reduce pain, swelling, and fever. Common examples include ibuprofen and aspirin. They are often used to relieve symptoms like joint pain or inflammation. However, NSAIDs can have side effects, including risks to the stomach, kidneys, and heart. It’s important to use them carefully and talk with your healthcare team about their safety for you.

NSC 655649, also called Rebeccamycin Analog, is a substance studied in cancer treatment. It belongs to drug families known as antitumor antibiotics and topoisomerase inhibitors. Patients may see this term in medical reports or educational materials. It’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

The NTHL1 gene helps repair damaged DNA in cells. Changes (mutations) in this gene can stop DNA repair, which may allow cancer cells to grow. Mutations in NTHL1 are linked to inherited conditions like familial adenomatous polyposis 3 (FAP3) and may increase the risk of several cancers. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your health, as it is not a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

NTRK gene fusion is a genetic change where parts of the NTRK gene join with another gene, creating abnormal proteins that may help cancer cells grow. This change can be found in some cancers like brain, lung, thyroid, and colon cancers. Testing for NTRK gene fusions helps doctors decide if targeted treatments, such as larotrectinib or entrectinib, might be options.

NTX-010, also known as Seneca Valley Virus-001 or SVV-001, is a virus being studied as a possible treatment for certain cancers, including neuroendocrine tumors. It is a type of oncolytic virus that infects and destroys cancer cells while sparing normal cells. Patients may see this term in medical reports or treatment discussions, and it’s important to ask the care team how it relates to individual care.

Nubeqa (darolutamide) is a medicine used to treat a type of prostate cancer called non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) in men. It works by blocking male hormone signals that help cancer grow. Taken by mouth twice daily with food, Nubeqa is often used alongside treatments that lower testosterone levels to help control cancer growth.

Nuclear Factor (Erythroid-Derived 2)-Like 2, also called NFE2L2 or Nrf2, is a protein inside cells that helps protect them from damage caused by unstable molecules called free radicals. It controls genes that support the cell’s defense against stress. You might see this term in medical reports or discussions, but it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Nuclear Factor-Kappa B (NF-Kappa B or NF-kB) is a group of proteins inside cells that help control important functions like cell growth, survival, and the body’s immune and inflammatory responses. In some cancers, NF-Kappa B may be more active or found in higher amounts than usual, which can affect how cancer cells grow. It is also linked to other conditions involving inflammation and the immune system.

Nuclear grade describes how the nuclei (centers) of cancer cells look under a microscope. Low nuclear grade means the cancer cells look more normal and tend to grow and spread more slowly. High nuclear grade means the cells look more abnormal and may grow or spread faster. It’s important to discuss what nuclear grade means for your specific situation with your care team.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (NMRI), also called Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), is a painless test that uses magnets, radio waves, and a computer to create detailed pictures inside the body. It helps doctors see soft tissues like the brain, spinal cord, muscles, and organs without using radiation. NMRI is often used to diagnose disease, plan treatment, or check how well treatment is working.

Nuclear Matrix Protein 22 (NMP22) is a protein found inside cells that may appear in higher amounts in the urine of people with some cancers, especially bladder cancer. Measuring NMP22 levels in urine can help doctors detect cancer or monitor how well treatment is working. If you see this term in your medical records, ask your care team what it means for your situation.

Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty that uses small amounts of radioactive substances to create images inside the body and to treat certain diseases, including some cancers. Most nuclear medicine procedures are outpatient and have few side effects. These tests help doctors find tumors, see if cancer has spread, or check how well treatment is working by showing how organs and tissues function.

A nuclear medicine scan is a medical test that uses small amounts of radioactive substances to create pictures of the inside of your body. These substances, called tracers, are injected into your bloodstream and attach to specific tissues, including cancer cells. A special camera detects the radiation from the tracer to make images that help doctors find tumors, see if cancer has spread, or check how well treatment is working. This test is also called radioimaging.

The nucleolus is a small structure inside the nucleus of a cell where ribosomes are made. Ribosomes help build proteins, which are essential for cell function. Problems with the nucleolus can cause certain health conditions and it is being studied as a possible target for cancer treatments. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the molecules that carry genetic information in cells. In cancer care, the term may also relate to experimental treatments that target enzymes cancer cells need to grow. If you see "nucleotide" mentioned, it’s important to ask your healthcare team how it applies to your specific diagnosis or treatment plan.

The nucleus is a part inside each cell that holds most of the cell’s DNA, which carries the instructions for how the cell works. It has a protective membrane and is where important processes like making RNA happen. Understanding the nucleus helps explain how cells function and change in cancer, but the word itself is not a diagnosis or treatment.

Nucynta (tapentadol hydrochloride) is a prescription medicine used to treat moderate to severe pain. It works by affecting opioid receptors and other parts of the nervous system to reduce pain. Patients may see this name in medical reports or treatment plans. It’s important to discuss with your care team how Nucynta applies to your specific situation, as it is not a diagnosis or a treatment recommendation by itself.

A nurse is a health professional trained to care for people who are ill or disabled. In cancer care, nurses may provide direct treatment, support, and education, or coordinate care as nurse practitioners or case managers. Nurses work closely with doctors and other team members to help patients and families through diagnosis, treatment, and recovery.

A Nurse Case Manager, also called a Case Management Nurse, is a registered nurse with special training to help plan, organize, and review all parts of a patient’s care. They focus on coordinating your care, helping you understand your treatment plan, managing side effects, and connecting you with support services, especially during long-term treatments like cancer.

A Nurse Practitioner (NP), also called an Advanced Practice Nurse (APN), is a registered nurse with extra education and training to diagnose and treat health problems. In cancer care, NPs work closely with doctors to manage your care, order tests, explain treatments, and support you and your family throughout your cancer journey.

Nursing is the care and support provided by trained professionals to protect and improve health, prevent illness, and ease suffering. In cancer care, nurses often work closely with doctors to help manage symptoms, plan treatments, and support patients and families throughout diagnosis and recovery. The term nursing can also refer to breastfeeding, which is feeding a baby breast milk either directly or by bottle.

A nursing home is a residential facility that provides care for older adults or people with disabilities who need help with daily activities but do not require hospital care. Nursing homes offer medical and personal support, including nursing care, assistance with bathing, dressing, and meals. They may also provide specialized services like memory care for dementia. Many nursing homes have staff available 24 hours a day to support residents’ health and safety.

NUT carcinoma is a very rare and fast-growing cancer that usually forms in the middle parts of the body, such as the respiratory tract, thymus, or organs like the liver and pancreas. It mostly affects children and young adults. Because it grows quickly and is hard to treat, understanding symptoms and diagnosis is important. If your child is diagnosed, the care team will guide you through tests and treatment options.

The NUT gene is a gene that, when changed or mutated, can cause a very rare and aggressive cancer called NUT carcinoma. This cancer often grows quickly and usually affects children and young adults. If you see the term “NUT gene” in medical information, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Nutraceuticals are foods or dietary supplements believed to offer health benefits beyond basic nutrition. They include vitamins, minerals, herbs, and other natural substances. While some patients may hear about nutraceuticals in cancer care or other health settings, these products are not regulated as medicines and should be used carefully with your healthcare team.

Nutrients are substances in food that your body needs to function, grow, and stay healthy. They include proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and water. In cancer care, tumors rely on nutrients delivered by blood vessels to grow, so some treatments aim to block this process. Understanding nutrients and their role can help patients and caregivers discuss diet and treatment options with their care team.

Nutrient-dense foods are foods that provide many vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients while being relatively low in calories. Examples include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean meats, eggs, beans, nuts, and low-fat dairy. These foods support overall health and may help reduce the risk of some cancers. In cancer care, it’s important to talk with your care team about how nutrient-dense foods fit your individual needs.

Nutrigenomics is the study of how your genes and diet work together to affect your health and risk of diseases like cancer. It looks at how different people may respond differently to the same foods based on their genetic makeup. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand nutrigenomics as a tool for personalized nutrition and disease prevention, not as a direct diagnosis or treatment plan.

Nutrition is how your body takes in and uses food and drink to stay healthy. In cancer care, a registered dietitian reviews your eating habits, medical history, and treatment side effects to create a personalized nutrition plan. Good nutrition helps you stay strong during treatment and supports healing and recovery.

Nutrition Therapy, also called Medical Nutrition Therapy, is a personalized treatment plan that uses nutrition to help manage cancer and its effects. Cancer and its treatments can change how your body uses food, affecting appetite, taste, and eating ability. A registered dietitian works with you to assess your needs and create a nutrition plan to support your strength and recovery during and after treatment.

Nutritional counseling, also called dietary counseling, is support from a trained health professional to help people with cancer make healthy food choices. Its goal is to keep patients strong during and after treatment, helping them fight infections and support recovery by managing changes in appetite, taste, and digestion caused by cancer and its treatments.

Nutritional status describes how well your body is nourished based on the nutrients you get from food. Doctors use this information to help plan cancer treatments, manage side effects, and monitor your overall health. It includes factors like appetite, blood protein levels, and nutrient balance. Understanding your nutritional status helps your care team support your strength and recovery during cancer care.

A nutritional supplement, also called a dietary supplement, is a product taken by mouth that adds to the diet. It usually contains vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids, or enzymes. People with cancer often consider supplements to support their health, but it’s important to talk with your care team before using them, as some supplements can cause side effects or interfere with cancer treatments.

A nutritionist is someone who gives advice about healthy eating and lifestyle choices. In cancer care, a registered dietitian—a type of nutritionist with formal training—can assess your diet, medical history, and treatment side effects to create a personalized nutrition plan. Nutritionists may also discuss popular diet patterns, but it’s important to talk with your care team about what fits your individual needs.

Nuvigil, also known as armodafinil, is a medicine that helps people stay awake and alert. It is often used to treat sleep disorders like narcolepsy and is being studied to help manage tiredness and sleep problems in people undergoing cancer treatment or recovery. If you see this name in your care, ask your healthcare team how it relates to your treatment plan.

Nystatin is an antifungal medicine often used to prevent or treat fungal infections caused by Candida yeast. It is commonly given to people with weakened immune systems, such as those receiving chemotherapy or living with AIDS. Nystatin can be taken by mouth, applied to the skin, or used in other forms depending on the infection. Side effects may include stomach upset, rash, or allergic reactions. Always ask your care team how it applies to your situation.

Nyvepria is a medicine used to help prevent infections in adults and children who have low white blood cell counts caused by chemotherapy. It works by helping the bone marrow produce more white blood cells and stays in the body longer than similar drugs, so it is given less often. Nyvepria is also known by other names like Fulphila, Neulasta, Pegfilgrastim, Udenyca, and Ziextenzo.