E Glossary Terms

An e-cigarette, also called an electronic cigarette, is a battery-powered device that turns a nicotine solution into a mist you inhale. Unlike regular cigarettes, e-cigarettes do not burn tobacco but still deliver nicotine and other chemicals. They are often discussed in cancer care because nicotine and smoking-related chemicals can affect cancer risk and treatment. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your health.

E7070 is a drug being studied for cancer treatment. It belongs to a group of medicines called sulfonamides. If you see this term, it’s important to talk with your care team about what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

E7389, also known as eribulin mesylate or Halaven, is a chemotherapy drug used to treat certain types of breast cancer and liposarcoma that have already been treated with other cancer medicines. It works by stopping cancer cells from dividing and growing. Patients may see this name in medical reports or treatment plans, and it’s important to ask the care team how it applies to their specific situation.

Ear acupuncture, also called auricular acupuncture, is a type of acupuncture where thin needles are placed on specific points on the outer ear. For people living with cancer, it may help manage symptoms like pain, nausea, anxiety, and fatigue that come from the disease or its treatments. It is used alongside standard cancer care to improve comfort and quality of life.

Early diagnosis means finding a disease, like cancer, as soon as symptoms or signs first appear. Detecting cancer early often makes it easier to treat or cure. Early diagnosis can also help prevent serious complications from other health problems, such as hepatitis C or heart disease, by starting treatment sooner.

Early menopause happens when the ovaries stop working and menstrual periods end before age 40. It’s also called ovarian failure, ovarian insufficiency, or premature menopause. Cancer treatments like chemotherapy or hormone therapy can cause early menopause, which may affect fertility and cause symptoms similar to menopause. If you see this term in your medical records, ask your care team what it means for your personal situation.

Early-stage breast cancer refers to breast cancer that is small (less than 5 centimeters) and has not spread beyond the breast or has spread to only a few nearby lymph nodes (1 to 3). It often includes cancers that are estrogen receptor (ER) positive and HER2 negative. Understanding this term helps patients discuss treatment options and next steps with their care team.

Early-stage cancer refers to cancer that is in the beginning phases of growth and may not have spread to other parts of the body. The exact meaning of early stage can vary depending on the type of cancer. Knowing the stage helps doctors decide on the best treatment options. Patients should ask their care team what early-stage means for their specific diagnosis and treatment plan.

Grounding, also called earthing, is a supportive therapy where the body is placed in direct contact with the earth, such as walking barefoot on grass or soil. It is used alongside medical care to help with pain, stress, fatigue, sleep, mobility, emotional coping, treatment side effects, and overall quality of life in people with cancer. Patients should discuss its use with their healthcare team to ensure safety and appropriateness.

Eastern Red Cedar, also called Cedarwood or Red Cedar, is an evergreen tree known for its fragrant wood. The oil from this wood is used in products like soaps, perfumes, and aromatherapy. While it is not a treatment for cancer, some patients find the calming scent of cedarwood oil helpful for relaxation and coping with the emotional challenges of cancer care.

EBM, or Evidence-Based Medicine, is a way doctors use the best scientific research to help make decisions about your care. It combines clinical studies, the doctor’s experience, and your personal values to plan treatments. When you see EBM mentioned, it’s important to ask your care team how it applies to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a direct diagnosis or treatment.

Ethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (EBQ) is a chemical found in the defensive secretions of certain beetles, especially Ulomoides dermestoides, also known as Chinese Weevils. Sometimes called ethylquinone or benzoquinones, EBQ appears in discussions about folk therapies involving these beetles. There is no proven medical use or cancer treatment benefit for EBQ, and safety concerns exist. Patients should ask their care team about its meaning in their care.

EBS-DM, or Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex, Dowling-Meara, is a rare inherited skin disorder causing clusters of blisters on the body, especially on hands, feet, face, and trunk. It often appears at birth and may improve over time. People with EBS-DM have a higher risk of developing basal cell skin cancer by age 55. Blisters can also affect the mouth and digestive tract lining.

EBV, or Epstein-Barr virus, is a common virus that most people carry without symptoms. It can increase the risk of certain cancers, including nasopharyngeal cancer and some lymphomas. If you see EBV mentioned in your medical information, it’s important to discuss with your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Ecchymosis is a type of bruise that appears when blood leaks from broken blood vessels into the skin or mucous membranes, causing a visible discoloration. It often looks like a large, flat bruise and can be a sign of easy bleeding, which may occur in certain blood cancers or conditions affecting blood clotting. If you notice unexplained bruising, it’s important to discuss it with your healthcare team.

Eccrine glands are sweat glands found almost all over the skin. They produce clear, odorless sweat that helps cool the body by evaporating from the skin’s surface. These glands are important for regulating body temperature and may be mentioned in medical reports or cancer care discussions to describe tissue or tumor locations.

ECD, or Erdheim-Chester Disease, is a very rare disorder where certain white blood cells build up in tissues and organs, causing damage. It most often affects the long bones but can involve many parts of the body. Symptoms vary widely. ECD is different from a liquid product called 126–F, which is sometimes confused with the term but is not an approved cancer treatment.

An ECG (also called EKG or electrocardiogram) is a painless test that records the electrical activity of your heart. It helps your health care provider check for heart problems by showing how your heart beats and if its electrical signals are normal. This test is often used to detect issues like irregular heart rhythms, heart damage, or other heart conditions.

Echinacea, also called Purple Coneflower, is a plant often used as a herbal remedy for colds and respiratory infections. It may affect cancer treatments that rely on the immune system. Side effects are usually mild but can include stomach upset or skin reactions. Patients should always discuss Echinacea use with their cancer care team to understand its safety and effects in their specific situation.

An echocardiogram is a painless test that uses sound waves to create moving pictures of the heart. It helps doctors see the size, shape, and function of the heart and its valves. This test can find heart problems like valve issues, fluid buildup, or damage from heart disease. In cancer care, echocardiograms help monitor heart health, especially if treatments might affect the heart.

Echocardiography is a painless test that uses sound waves to create moving pictures of the heart. It helps doctors see the size, shape, and function of the heart and its valves. In cancer care, it is used to check heart health before, during, or after treatment, especially if treatments might affect the heart. It is safe, noninvasive, and commonly used to diagnose and monitor heart problems.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a network of proteins and molecules that surround and support cells in the body. It helps cells stick together, communicate, and carry out important functions like growth and movement. Changes in the ECM can affect how cancer cells grow and spread. The term ECM may appear in medical reports or discussions, so it’s helpful to ask your care team what it means for your situation.

An ecologic study (also called ecological study) looks at large groups of people to compare differences, such as cancer rates, rather than focusing on individuals. These groups might be based on location, time, or other factors like job type or immigration status. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand this term in context and ask your care team how it relates to your personal health, rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment advice.

An ecological study (also called ecologic study) is a type of research that compares large groups of people—such as those living in different places or times—to look for differences in things like cancer rates. It focuses on groups, not individuals, so it doesn’t provide personal health information or treatment advice. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your own health.

Economic Burden refers to the financial problems a person may face because of the cost of medical care. It includes expenses not covered by insurance, such as copayments, deductibles, and coinsurance. This burden can affect a patient’s quality of life and access to treatment. It is also called financial hardship, financial distress, financial toxicity, and related terms. Understanding this can help patients and caregivers discuss costs with their care team.

Economic hardship refers to the financial problems a person may face because of the costs of medical care. This includes expenses not covered by insurance, such as copayments, deductibles, and coinsurance. Economic hardship can affect a patient’s quality of life and access to treatment. It is also called financial burden, financial distress, financial toxicity, and related terms. Cancer patients often experience this due to the high costs of treatment.

ECT, or electroconvulsive therapy, is a medical treatment that uses a brief electrical current to the brain while a person is under anesthesia. It is mainly used to treat severe depression and certain mental health conditions when other treatments have not worked. ECT is a carefully controlled procedure that can help improve symptoms but may cause temporary confusion or memory changes.

Ecteinascidin, also known as ET 743, trabectedin, or Yondelis, is a chemotherapy drug used to treat certain soft tissue sarcomas, including liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma, especially when surgery is not an option or the cancer has spread. It is usually given to patients who have already received other chemotherapy treatments. Researchers are also studying its use in other cancers.

The ectocervix, also called the exocervix, is the outer part of the cervix that you can see during a pelvic exam. It is covered with thin, flat cells called squamous cells. Doctors may gently scrape cells from the ectocervix to check for infections, inflammation, or early signs of cervical cancer. Understanding the ectocervix helps with cervical cancer screening and care.

Ectomesenchymoma, also called malignant ectomesenchymoma, is a rare and fast-growing tumor that usually affects children and young adults. It develops in the nervous system or soft tissues like muscles and connective tissue. This tumor can form in areas such as the head and neck, abdomen, perineum, scrotum, or limbs. Because it is uncommon and aggressive, care often involves specialists experienced with rare tumors.

An ectopic pregnancy happens when a fertilized egg grows outside the uterus, usually in a fallopian tube. It can cause symptoms like abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. This condition cannot result in a healthy pregnancy and needs prompt medical care to prevent serious complications. It may also appear under related names such as Extrauterine Pregnancy.

Eculizumab, also known as Soliris, is a medicine used to treat rare blood disorders like paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). It works by protecting red blood cells from being destroyed and preventing harmful blood clots. Because it affects the immune system, people taking eculizumab have a higher risk of serious infections and need special vaccinations before treatment.

Eczema is a group of skin conditions that cause inflammation, redness, itching, and sometimes blistering or scaling. It often appears as dry, itchy patches on the skin and can last a long time. The most common type is atopic dermatitis, which often affects children but can occur at any age. Eczema is not contagious and may be linked to allergies or other health issues.

Edatrexate is a type of anticancer drug known as an antimetabolite. It works by interfering with the use of folate, a vitamin important for cell growth, which helps slow or stop the growth of cancer cells. Edatrexate belongs to a group of drugs related to methotrexate and is studied for its potential to treat certain cancers.

Edema is swelling caused by extra fluid trapped in your body’s tissues. It often affects the feet, ankles, and legs but can happen anywhere. In cancer care, edema may result from the cancer itself, treatments like chemotherapy, or other health conditions. Managing edema can include wearing compression garments, changing diet, or medicines. If you notice swelling, talk with your care team to understand what it means for you.

Edetic Acid, also known as EDTA or etheylenediaminetetraacetic acid, is a chemical used in medicine to bind metal ions like calcium and lead. It helps prevent blood samples from clotting and can remove certain metals from the body. It may also be used to stop bacteria from forming sticky layers called biofilms. Patients should ask their care team how this term applies to their care, rather than assuming it refers to a diagnosis or treatment.

Histotripsy is a non-invasive treatment that uses focused ultrasound waves to mechanically break down liver tumors without heat, needles, or radiation. The Edison Histotripsy System is a commercial device approved by the FDA for this purpose. It is used by trained doctors to target certain liver tumors, including those that cannot be removed by surgery. This treatment is still being studied for other cancers and is not a cure for cancer overall.

Edotecarin, also known as J-107088, is a substance being studied for cancer treatment. It belongs to a group of drugs called topoisomerase I inhibitors. Patients may see this term in medical reports or educational materials. It’s important to understand the term in context and discuss with your care team how it relates to your specific situation, rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Edrecolomab is a laboratory-made antibody designed to find and attach to certain cancer cells, especially in colorectal cancer. Early studies showed it might help patients with stage III colon cancer, but it hasn’t been proven effective for stage II. It is generally well tolerated, but its use and benefits depend on individual cases. Patients should discuss with their care team how it relates to their treatment.

EDTA, also called edetic acid or etheylenediaminetetraacetic acid, is a chemical that binds to metal ions like calcium, magnesium, lead, and iron. In medicine, it helps prevent blood samples from clotting and can remove harmful metals from the body. It may also help stop bacteria from forming sticky layers called biofilms, which can cause infections. Patients should ask their care team how EDTA relates to their care.

Edwards syndrome, also called Trisomy 18, is a genetic condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 18. It leads to low birth weight and several physical differences, including heart and organ defects. Babies with Edwards syndrome often face serious health challenges, and some may develop certain cancers like liver cancer (hepatoblastoma) or kidney cancer (Wilms tumor). Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers ask the right questions about care and risks.

An EEG, or electroencephalogram, is a test that records the electrical activity of the brain using small sensors placed on the scalp. It helps doctors understand brain function and can be used to diagnose brain and sleep disorders. Knowing about EEGs can help patients and caregivers ask informed questions about tests and treatments related to brain health during cancer care.

EEG biofeedback, also called neurofeedback, is a therapy being studied to help cancer patients manage stress and mental side effects from chemotherapy. It uses sensors on the head to monitor brain activity and provides feedback, like sounds or tones, to encourage changes in brain patterns. Patients should discuss with their care team how this approach might fit their personal care plan.

EF5 is a special drug used in cancer care to help measure oxygen levels inside tumor cells. This helps doctors understand how the tumor might respond to treatments like radiation or chemotherapy. EF5 is not a standard test for all patients and is mainly used in advanced imaging studies. If you hear about EF5, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

Efaproxiral, also known as RSR13, is a substance studied for use in cancer treatment. It is a radiosensitizing agent that may help increase oxygen levels in tumor tissues, potentially making radiation therapy more effective. Efaproxiral can be absorbed through various routes but has not shown clear benefits in clinical trials. It is sometimes mentioned in reports or treatment plans related to brain tumors and other cancers.

Efavirenz, also known by the brand name Sustiva, is a medication used to treat and prevent HIV infection. It works by blocking the virus from making copies of itself. Efavirenz is often used with other HIV medicines and may be part of treatment after possible exposure to HIV. Patients should discuss with their care team how efavirenz applies to their situation, as it is not a cancer treatment but may appear in medical records.

Effective radiation dose is a way to estimate the overall risk of harm from exposure to ionizing radiation, such as from medical imaging tests or natural sources. It helps compare radiation levels but does not predict individual health effects. Patients should discuss what this means for their own care with their healthcare team.

An effector cell is a type of cell in the immune system that actively responds to signals and carries out specific actions, such as attacking cancer cells or infections. Some effector cells, like cytotoxic T cells and cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, can be grown in the lab and used in cancer treatments. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers ask how it relates to their care.

Effexor, also known as venlafaxine, is a medication used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, and certain symptoms like hot flashes. It works by increasing brain chemicals called serotonin and norepinephrine to help improve mood. Effexor is prescribed carefully to reduce overdose risk and may appear under different names, so it’s important to check with your healthcare team about what it means for your care.

Efficacy means how well a treatment, drug, or medical procedure works to produce the desired beneficial effect. In cancer care, it refers to how effectively a therapy can improve health outcomes, such as shrinking tumors or relieving symptoms, often measured in clinical trials under controlled conditions. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Effort Theory of Evolution, also called Removable Root Cause Theory, is an alternative idea proposed by Paul Ola suggesting that cancer and other chronic diseases may share a deeper, removable cause. This theory links inflammation, symptoms, and disease resistance to the development and possible remission of these illnesses. It is not part of standard medical care and should be discussed with your healthcare team if mentioned.

Effort Theory of Evolution, also called Removable Root Cause Theory, is an alternative idea proposed by Paul Ola. It suggests that cancer and other chronic diseases may share a deeper, removable cause related to inflammation and the body’s resistance to disease. This theory is not part of standard medical care and should be discussed with your healthcare team if mentioned.

An effusion is an abnormal buildup of fluid in a space or between tissues in the body. In cancer care, effusions often occur around the lungs (pleural effusion) or the heart (pericardial effusion), which can cause symptoms like shortness of breath. Effusions may be caused by cancer itself or by treatments, and managing them is an important part of care.

Eflornithine hydrochloride, also known as Iwilfin, is a drug approved to help reduce the risk of relapse in adults and children with high-risk neuroblastoma after initial treatment. It works by blocking an enzyme that may help stop cancer cells from growing. It is also being studied for other cancers and conditions. Patients should discuss with their care team how this drug applies to their specific situation.

Event-Free Survival (EFS) is the length of time after cancer treatment ends during which a patient remains free from certain complications or events the treatment aimed to prevent, such as cancer returning or new symptoms developing. It helps doctors understand how well a treatment is working and is often used in clinical trials.

Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) is an unconventional approach used by some people with cancer to help reduce fear, process emotions, and promote a sense of personal balance. It involves tapping on specific points on the body and is sometimes described as a spiritual or emotional healing method. EFT is not a replacement for medical cancer treatment and should be discussed with your healthcare team before use.

EFTs, or Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors, are a group of rare cancers that mostly affect children and young adults. This group includes Ewing sarcoma of the bone, extraosseous (outside the bone) Ewing tumors, primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET), and Askin tumors of the chest wall. Understanding the term in context and discussing it with your care team is important for personalized care.

Efudex is a cream containing fluorouracil (5-FU) used to treat certain skin conditions like actinic keratosis and superficial basal cell skin cancer. It works by stopping cells from making DNA, which may kill cancer cells. Efudex is one of several brand names for topical 5-FU. Patients should discuss with their care team how Efudex fits into their treatment plan and what to expect.

Egb761 is a substance made from ginkgo biloba leaves that is being studied to help prevent cognitive problems like memory or concentration difficulties in people receiving chemotherapy. It is not a treatment or diagnosis by itself. Patients and caregivers should talk with their care team about what Egb761 might mean for their individual situation.

EGCG (Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate) is a natural antioxidant found mainly in green tea. It is studied for its possible effects on health, including cancer prevention. EGCG is found in dietary supplements but is not a proven cancer treatment. It may cause side effects like nausea or liver problems if taken in high amounts. Always talk with your healthcare team before using EGCG supplements.

EGD, also called esophagogastroduodenoscopy or upper endoscopy, is a procedure where a thin, flexible tube with a camera is passed through the mouth to examine the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine. It helps doctors find abnormal areas, take tissue samples, and sometimes treat problems like bleeding or narrow passages. It is often used to check for cancer or related conditions.

EGF, or epidermal growth factor, is a protein made by many cells in the body that helps cells grow and become more specialized. It plays a role in normal cell functions but can also be involved in cancer growth. Understanding EGF and related terms can help patients and caregivers ask informed questions about test results or treatments.

EGFR, also called epidermal growth factor receptor, ErbB1, or HER1, is a protein found on some cells that helps control cell growth. In certain cancers, changes in the EGFR gene can cause cancer cells to grow faster. Some cancer treatments target EGFR to help slow or stop cancer growth. If you see EGFR mentioned in your care, ask your healthcare team what it means for your specific situation.

The EGFR gene makes a protein that helps control cell growth and survival. Changes (mutations) in this gene can cause some cancers, especially certain lung cancers, to grow faster. Testing for EGFR gene changes in tumors can help doctors choose targeted treatments that may slow or stop cancer growth. It may also appear under related names such as Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Gene, ERBB1 Gene, And HER1 Gene.

An EGFR inhibitor is a type of drug that blocks a protein called epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which helps some cancer cells grow and divide. By blocking EGFR, these drugs may slow or stop cancer growth. EGFR inhibitors are used in cancer treatment and may cause side effects like a rash that looks like acne.

EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors are cancer drugs that block a protein called epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). This protein helps some cancer cells grow and divide. By blocking EGFR, these medicines may slow or stop cancer growth. They are used to treat certain cancers and may cause side effects like a skin rash that looks like acne.

Egg banking, also called egg freezing or egg cryopreservation, is the process of freezing unfertilized eggs to save them for future use. This option may be offered to women with cancer who want to preserve their fertility before treatments like chemotherapy or radiation that could harm their ability to have children later. Your health care team will guide you on timing and any impact on starting cancer treatment.

Egg cryopreservation, also called egg freezing or egg banking, is the process of freezing unfertilized eggs to save them for future use. It is often offered to women with cancer who want to preserve their ability to have children before treatments like chemotherapy or radiation that may harm fertility. Your health care team will guide you on timing and whether delaying cancer treatment for this procedure is safe.

Egg freezing, also called egg banking or egg cryopreservation, is a process where unfertilized eggs are collected and frozen to preserve fertility. This option is often offered to women facing cancer treatments that might harm their ability to have children later. The eggs can be thawed and fertilized in a lab when pregnancy is desired in the future.

eHealth means using digital tools like computers, smartphones, and the Internet to help manage health care. It includes things like electronic medical records, telemedicine visits, health apps, and wearable devices. eHealth can help patients, caregivers, and health care teams communicate better, learn about health, and manage symptoms during cancer treatment.

An EHR, or electronic health record, is a digital file that stores a person’s medical information, including diagnoses, medications, test results, allergies, immunizations, and treatment plans. It helps health care providers share important health details to support your care. You might also see it called an electronic medical record (EMR).

Ejaculation is the release of semen through the penis during orgasm. It is a normal part of male sexual function. While it is unclear if frequent ejaculation affects prostate cancer risk, understanding ejaculation in the context of prostate health and cancer care is important. Patients should discuss any symptoms or concerns with their healthcare provider for personalized advice.

EKB-569, also called Pelitinib, is a substance being studied as a possible treatment for some types of cancer. It works by blocking certain proteins called EGFR that may be found in higher amounts on some cancer cells. Blocking these proteins might help stop cancer cells from growing or kill them. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

An EKG, also called ECG or electrocardiogram, is a painless test that records the electrical activity of your heart. In cancer care, it helps doctors check your heart’s rhythm and health, which can affect treatment choices and safety. If you see EKG mentioned in your reports or discussions, ask your care team what it means for you personally.

Eklund Displacement Views, also called Eklund Views or Implant Displacement Views, are special mammogram images used for women with breast implants. During this procedure, the implant is gently pushed back against the chest wall while the breast tissue is pulled forward. This helps the mammogram capture clearer pictures of the breast tissue around the implant. If you see this term in your medical records or reports, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Eklund Views, also called Eklund Displacement Views or Implant Displacement Views, are special mammogram images used for women with breast implants. This technique gently moves the implant back and pulls the breast tissue forward to get clearer X-ray pictures of the breast tissue. It is a way to improve breast imaging, not a diagnosis or treatment.

Elacestrant dihydrochloride, also known as Orserdu, is a hormone therapy drug used to treat certain types of breast cancer. It works by blocking estrogen receptors on cancer cells, which may help stop their growth. It is approved for breast cancers that are estrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative, have a specific ESR1 gene mutation, and have spread after other hormone treatments.

Elacyt, also known as CP-4055 or elacytarabine, is a chemotherapy drug used to treat advanced acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It is a modified form of cytarabine designed to work when leukemia cells are resistant to standard cytarabine treatment. Elacyt works by blocking cancer cell division, which may help control the disease. Patients should discuss with their care team how this drug fits into their treatment plan.

Elacytarabine, also known as CP-4055 or Elacyt, is a chemotherapy drug used to treat advanced acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It is a modified form of the chemotherapy drug cytarabine and may work in cases where leukemia cells are resistant to cytarabine. Elacytarabine works by blocking cancer cells from dividing, which may help control the disease.

Elahere (mirvetuximab soravtansine) is a targeted cancer treatment approved for adults with certain advanced ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancers that test positive for a protein called folate receptor alpha. It is used when these cancers have not improved after platinum-based chemotherapy and other treatments. Elahere combines an antibody that targets cancer cells with a drug that may help kill them.

Electroacupuncture is a therapy that uses acupuncture needles with small electrical currents to help manage symptoms like pain and nausea during cancer treatment. It is a supportive approach used alongside standard cancer care to ease side effects but is not a treatment for cancer itself. Patients should discuss with their care team how it might fit into their symptom management plan.

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a simple test that records the electrical activity of your heart over time. It helps doctors see how your heart is beating and can detect problems like irregular heart rhythms or heart damage. In cancer care, this test can be important to monitor heart health, especially if treatments affect your heart.

Electrocautery is a medical procedure that uses heat from an electric current to burn and destroy abnormal tissue or to stop bleeding during surgery. It may also be called electrocoagulation, electrofulguration, or fulguration. Patients often hear this term in surgical or cancer care settings, where it helps manage tissue and blood flow safely during operations.

Electrocoagulation is a medical procedure that uses heat from an electric current to burn and destroy abnormal tissue or to stop bleeding during surgery. It is also called electrocautery, electrofulguration, or fulguration. This technique helps surgeons safely remove tumors or control bleeding, making surgeries safer and more effective. It may also appear under related names such as Electrocautery, Electrofulguration, And Fulguration.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), also called electroshock therapy, is a medical treatment that uses a brief electrical current to the brain while a person is under general anesthesia. It is mainly used to treat severe depression and certain mental health conditions when other treatments have not worked. ECT is a carefully controlled procedure that can help improve symptoms but may cause temporary confusion or memory changes.

An electrode is a small device used in medical tests and treatments to carry electrical signals to or from the body. In cancer care, electrodes are often used in hearing tests to check if tumors or treatments affect hearing nerves. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment.

Electrodermal Response, also called galvanic skin response or skin conduction, is a change in the skin’s electrical activity caused by nerves and sweat glands. It can increase during emotional stress or menopause hot flashes. In cancer care, it may appear in reports or tests, but it is important to ask your care team what it means for you personally rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment.

Electrodesiccation is a medical procedure that uses a high-frequency electric current applied through a small needle-shaped electrode to dry and destroy tissue. It is often used to remove certain skin growths or abnormal tissue, including some types of skin cancer. Patients should discuss with their care team how this procedure applies to their specific situation.

Electrodiathermy, also called diathermy, is a medical procedure that uses heat generated by electric currents, radio waves, or microwaves to warm body tissues. It can help relax muscles, ease joint stiffness, and sometimes support cancer treatments by gently heating tissues. If you see this term in your care, ask your healthcare team how it applies to your situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or specific treatment.

An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a painless test that records the brain’s electrical activity using small sensors placed on the scalp. It helps doctors understand brain function and can be used to diagnose brain or sleep problems. In cancer care, EEGs may be used when symptoms like seizures or confusion occur, helping guide treatment and support.

Electrofulguration is a medical procedure that uses heat from an electric current to burn and destroy abnormal tissue, such as tumors or lesions. It is also used to stop bleeding during surgery. This technique is sometimes called electrocautery, electrocoagulation, or fulguration. It helps surgeons safely remove tissue and control bleeding, making surgeries safer and more effective.

An electrolarynx is a small, battery-powered device that helps people speak after their voice box (larynx) has been removed, often due to cancer. It produces a humming sound that the user shapes into speech by moving their mouth. This device offers a way to communicate when natural voice is lost, though the sound may be robotic or monotone.

Electrolytes are minerals in your body fluids that carry electrical charges. They include sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and phosphate. Electrolytes help your nerves, muscles, heart, and brain work properly. In cancer care, doctors check electrolyte levels through blood tests to monitor your health and how treatments affect your body’s balance.

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are invisible areas of energy created by electric and magnetic forces. They come from natural sources like the earth’s magnetic field and human-made sources such as power lines, electrical appliances, and wireless devices. Researchers study whether exposure to EMFs might affect cancer risk, especially in children, but so far, no clear harmful effects have been proven. If you see this term in your care, ask your health team what it means for you.

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is energy that travels in waves and includes types like radio waves, visible light, X-rays, and gamma rays. It comes from natural sources like the sun and man-made sources such as medical imaging devices. Some forms of electromagnetic radiation can affect cells and DNA, which is why it’s important to understand its role in cancer risk and medical tests.

The electromagnetic spectrum includes all types of radiation that travel in waves, from low-energy waves like radio waves and microwaves to high-energy waves like X-rays and gamma rays. Some types of radiation can affect cells and DNA, while others do not. Understanding this spectrum helps patients and caregivers ask informed questions about tests or treatments involving radiation.

An electron is a tiny particle with a negative electric charge found in all atoms. In cancer care, streams of electrons produced by special machines can be used in radiation treatment. The word “electron” may also appear in other contexts, so it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it refers to a diagnosis or treatment.

An electron beam is a focused stream of tiny, negatively charged particles called electrons. In cancer care, electron beams can be used in radiation therapy to target cancer cells, especially those near the skin’s surface. The term may also appear in other medical or technical contexts, so it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

An electron microscope is a special type of microscope that uses electrons instead of light to create highly detailed images of very small objects, like cells and tissues. It can show much finer details than regular light microscopes. If you see this term in your medical information, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment.

An electronic cigarette, or e-cigarette, is a battery-powered device that heats a liquid containing nicotine and other chemicals into a mist you inhale. Unlike regular cigarettes, e-cigarettes do not burn tobacco but still deliver nicotine, which can be addictive. Their safety and role in quitting smoking are not fully known. If you see this term in your care, ask your health team how it relates to your health and treatment.

An Electronic Health Record (EHR), also called an electronic medical record, is a digital file that stores your medical information. It includes details like diagnoses, medicines, test results, allergies, immunizations, and treatment plans. Your health care providers can securely access your EHR to help coordinate your care and make informed decisions.

An Electronic Medical Record (EMR), also called an Electronic Health Record (EHR), is a digital file that stores your medical information. It includes details like diagnoses, medications, test results, allergies, immunizations, and treatment plans. Your health care providers can securely access your EMR/EHR to help coordinate your care and make informed decisions.

Electrophoresis is a lab test that uses an electric current to separate substances like proteins or DNA based on their size and electrical charge. It helps doctors diagnose certain diseases but is not a diagnosis or treatment by itself. Patients should ask their care team how electrophoresis results relate to their specific health situation.

Electroporation Therapy (EPT) is a treatment that uses electrical pulses delivered through an electrode placed in a tumor. These pulses help anticancer drugs enter cancer cells more effectively. Patients may see this term in medical reports or treatment discussions. It’s important to ask your care team how this therapy applies to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or a recommended treatment on its own.

Electroshock Therapy, also called electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), is a medical treatment that uses a brief electrical current to the brain while a person is under general anesthesia. It is mainly used to treat severe depression and certain mental health conditions when other treatments have not worked. ECT is a carefully controlled procedure that may cause temporary confusion or memory changes but can help improve symptoms.

Electrosurgery is a medical procedure that uses an electric current to cut, remove, or destroy tissue and control bleeding. It is often used to treat skin problems like basal cell skin cancer, warts, and precancerous lesions. Patients should talk with their care team to understand how electrosurgery applies to their specific situation rather than seeing the term alone as a diagnosis or treatment plan.

An element is a basic chemical substance made of one type of atom, such as hydrogen or oxygen. In cancer care, elements like aluminum or radioactive elements may be mentioned when discussing treatment, diagnosis, or risks. It’s important to understand these terms in context and ask your care team how they relate to your specific situation rather than assuming they indicate a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Elesclomol sodium is a drug used to treat skin cancer that has spread. It works by increasing harmful oxygen molecules inside cells, which may help kill cancer cells. Researchers are also studying it for other types of cancer. Elesclomol sodium may boost the effects of other cancer drugs and belongs to a group called oxidative stress inducers.

ELF-EMF stands for Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field. These are invisible energy fields created by electric power sources like power lines, wiring, and household appliances such as hair dryers and electric blankets. Current research has not shown that typical exposure to ELF-EMFs causes cancer. If you see this term in your care, ask your health team what it means for your situation rather than assuming it indicates a diagnosis or treatment.

Eligard is a hormone therapy drug used mainly to treat advanced prostate cancer. It works by lowering testosterone levels, which can help slow the growth of cancer cells that need this hormone to grow. Eligard is given as a long-acting injection under the skin and is also known by other names like Leuprolide Acetate and Lupron Depot. It may also be used for certain noncancerous uterine conditions.

Eligibility criteria are the specific requirements a person must meet to take part in a clinical trial or receive certain treatments. These rules help ensure that study participants are similar in important ways, like age, cancer type, or health status. For patients and caregivers, understanding eligibility criteria means asking your care team how these rules apply to your situation rather than assuming they are a diagnosis or treatment recommendation.

Exclusion or elimination diets in oncology are nutrition plans that remove certain foods or ingredients to support cancer care. These diets are discussed for their potential effects on nutrition, metabolism, inflammation, digestion, immune health, and treatment tolerance. They may be used as part of supportive care or alternative approaches, but should always be reviewed with healthcare providers to ensure safety and appropriateness.

ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is a laboratory test that uses antibodies linked to enzymes to detect and measure specific substances, such as proteins, in a liquid sample like blood. It produces a color change that can be measured to help diagnose diseases or monitor health conditions. It may also appear under related names such as Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay.

Elitek, also known as rasburicase or recombinant urate oxidase, is a medicine used to lower high levels of uric acid in the blood. It is often given to adults and children with certain cancers like leukemia or lymphoma, especially when cancer treatment may cause a rapid breakdown of tumor cells. Elitek helps prevent and treat a condition called tumor lysis syndrome by breaking down uric acid to protect the kidneys.

Ellence is a chemotherapy drug also known as epirubicin hydrochloride. It is used with other medicines to treat breast cancer that has spread to lymph nodes after surgery. Ellence works by blocking enzymes cancer cells need to grow and repair, helping to kill them. It may also be studied for other cancers. Patients should ask their care team how Ellence applies to their treatment.

Elocon is a medicine also known as mometasone furoate or Nasonex. It comes as a cream or nasal spray and is used to reduce inflammation in skin conditions or allergy-related sinus problems. In cancer care, it may help ease skin irritation caused by radiation therapy. It is not a cancer treatment but a supportive medication to manage symptoms and side effects.

Elotuzumab, also known as Empliciti or HuLuc63, is a medicine used to treat multiple myeloma, a type of blood cancer. It works by helping the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. It is given through an intravenous (IV) infusion, usually along with other cancer drugs. If you see this name in your medical records or treatment plan, ask your care team how it applies to your situation.

Eloxatin, also known as oxaliplatin, is a chemotherapy drug used mainly to treat colorectal cancer. It is often combined with other medicines like fluorouracil and leucovorin in treatment plans called FOLFOX or with capecitabine in CAPOX/XELOX. Eloxatin works by damaging cancer cells’ DNA to stop their growth. It is given through a vein and may cause side effects such as numbness, tiredness, nausea, and nerve problems.

Elranatamab (brand name Elrexfio) is a targeted cancer drug used to treat adults with multiple myeloma that has returned or not responded to at least four prior treatments. It works by helping the immune system’s T cells find and kill myeloma cancer cells. Elranatamab is given by injection and is available only through a special safety program called Elrexfio REMS.

Elrexfio, also known as Elranatamab, is a targeted cancer drug used to treat adults with multiple myeloma that has returned or not responded to several prior treatments. It works by helping the immune system’s T cells find and kill myeloma cancer cells. Elrexfio is given by injection under the skin and is available only through a special safety program called Elrexfio REMS.

Elspar is a medicine made from a bacterial enzyme called asparaginase. It is mainly used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a type of blood cancer. Elspar works by breaking down asparagine, a nutrient some cancer cells need to grow. It may also be used in certain mast cell tumor treatments. You might hear it called Elspar, asparaginase, or L-asparaginase, which are different names for the same drug.

Eltrombopag Olamine, also known by the brand name Promacta, is a medicine used to treat low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia) in adults and children with certain blood conditions like immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and severe aplastic anemia. It works by helping the bone marrow make more platelets, which are important for blood clotting. It is approved by the FDA and is also being studied for use in other conditions and some cancers.

Elzonris (tagraxofusp) is a medicine used to treat a rare blood cancer called blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) in adults and children aged 2 years and older. It works by targeting cancer cells that have a specific protein called CD123. Elzonris combines a natural protein with a toxin to help kill these cancer cells. It is also being studied for other cancers.

EM-1421, also known as tetra-O-methyl NDGA or tetra-O-methyl nordihydroguaiaretic acid, is a substance being studied in cancer treatment. It works by blocking certain proteins that cancer cells need to grow. If you see this term in your medical information, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Emapalumab, also known by the brand name Gamifant, is a medicine used to treat a rare immune disorder called hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). HLH is a serious condition where the immune system becomes overactive. Emapalumab works by blocking a protein called interferon gamma, which is involved in this overactive immune response. It is approved for patients whose HLH has not improved with other treatments.

An embalmer is a trained professional who preserves dead bodies using chemicals like formaldehyde to delay decomposition. This process helps prepare the body for funerals or medical study. While embalmers work with chemicals linked to certain rare cancers, understanding the term in context and discussing concerns with your care team is important.

An embolism is a blockage in a blood vessel caused by a clot or other material like fat, air bubbles, or cancer cells. It can stop blood flow and cause serious problems, especially if it happens in the lungs (pulmonary embolism). People with cancer or certain health conditions may have a higher risk. Quick medical care is important to treat embolisms and prevent complications.

Embolization is a medical procedure that blocks blood flow to a tumor or abnormal tissue. It is often used to help treat certain cancers, such as liver or kidney tumors, by cutting off their blood supply. This can shrink tumors or control symptoms. Sometimes, chemotherapy drugs are delivered directly to the tumor during embolization, a method called chemoembolization or TACE. Patients should ask their care team how embolization fits into their treatment plan.

An embryo is the earliest stage of human development, starting about two weeks after fertilization and lasting until around the eighth week of pregnancy. In cancer care, embryos may be involved in fertility preservation, such as freezing embryos before treatment. Genetic testing can also be done on embryos to check for certain inherited conditions or risks.

Embryo banking, also called embryo freezing or embryo cryopreservation, is a process where embryos created in a lab are frozen and stored for future use. This method is often used by women with cancer who want to preserve their ability to have children after treatments like chemotherapy or radiation that might affect fertility. Your health care team will guide you on timing and how this fits with your cancer care plan.

Embryo cryopreservation, also called embryo freezing or embryo banking, is a process where embryos created in a lab are frozen and stored for future use. This method helps people preserve their fertility before cancer treatments that might affect their ability to have children. Your health care team can guide you on timing and options to fit this procedure safely into your cancer care plan.

Embryo freezing, also called embryo banking or embryo cryopreservation, is a process where embryos created in a lab are frozen and stored for future use. This method helps women preserve their fertility before cancer treatments like chemotherapy or radiation that might harm their ability to have children. Your health care team will guide you on timing and discuss any impact on starting cancer treatment.

Embryoma, also called embryonal tumor, is a mass of rapidly growing cells that starts in embryonic (fetal) tissue. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Examples include neuroblastomas and Wilms tumors. If you see this term in your medical records, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) is a rare type of cancer that starts in soft tissues, especially muscles that look like those developing in an embryo. It most often affects infants and young children and usually appears in areas like the head, neck, or urinary and genital organs. ERMS is sometimes called fusion-negative rhabdomyosarcoma because it lacks certain gene fusions seen in other types.

An embryonal tumor, also called embryoma, is a growth of rapidly dividing cells that starts in early (embryonic or fetal) tissue. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Examples include neuroblastomas and Wilms tumors. If you see this term in your medical records, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Embryonic refers to anything related to an embryo, which is an early stage in the development of a plant or animal. In cancer care, the term often appears when discussing cells or proteins linked to early development, such as embryonic muscle cells in certain tumors or proteins like carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Understanding this term helps patients follow diagnosis and treatment discussions but should always be considered in context with their specific care.

Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (EMC) is a rare, slow-growing cancer that forms in soft tissues outside the bones, often in the thigh but sometimes in the knee, buttock, chest, or abdomen. It usually affects middle-aged or older adults and may come back years after treatment. If you see EMC in your medical records, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Cilengitide, also called EMD 121974, is an experimental drug being studied to treat cancer by blocking the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is not yet a standard treatment but may be available through clinical trials, especially for brain tumors like glioblastoma. It may also appear under related names such as Cilengitide.

Emend is a medicine used to help prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy or surgery. It is also known as aprepitant or Cinvanti. Emend works by blocking a chemical in the brain that triggers these symptoms, making treatment and recovery more comfortable. It is part of a group of drugs called neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists and is used alongside other anti-nausea medicines.

Emesis, also called vomiting, is the forceful throwing up of stomach contents through the mouth. It can happen as a side effect of cancer treatments like chemotherapy and radiation or as a symptom of some cancers. Managing emesis is important because it can cause dehydration and other health problems. Patients and caregivers should ask their care team how emesis applies to their situation.

In cancer care, an emetic is a substance that causes vomiting. Managing nausea and vomiting is important because these side effects can make cancer treatments harder to tolerate. Medicines like Aloxi, which block signals that trigger nausea, are often used to help patients feel more comfortable during treatment. The term emetic may also appear as emetogenic, so checking the exact wording can help avoid confusion.

Emetogenic (also called emetic) describes substances or treatments that can cause nausea and vomiting. In cancer care, managing these side effects is important because they can make treatment harder to tolerate. Medicines like Aloxi help prevent nausea and vomiting, improving comfort during therapy. If you see this term in your care plan or records, it means your healthcare team is working to manage these symptoms, not that your cancer treatment has changed.

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are invisible areas of energy created by electric and magnetic forces. They come from natural sources like the earth’s magnetic field and human-made sources such as power lines, electrical appliances, and wireless devices. Researchers study whether EMF exposure might affect cancer risk, especially in children, but so far, no clear harmful effects have been proven. If you see this term in your care, ask your health team what it means for you.

Emitefur is a type of anticancer drug known as an antimetabolite. These drugs work by interfering with the growth and spread of cancer cells. Emitefur may be mentioned in cancer treatment plans or research, but its exact use and effects depend on the specific cancer type and treatment setting. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Emodin is a natural substance found in plants like rhubarb and aloe vera. It belongs to a group of compounds studied for possible anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects in lab and animal research. However, emodin is not a proven cancer treatment and is not part of standard cancer care. If you hear about emodin during your cancer journey, ask your healthcare team what it means for you.

Emollients are substances used in lotions, creams, or ointments to soothe and soften dry, rough, or itchy skin. They help protect the skin and can also be taken by mouth to ease constipation by softening stool. Emollients are often part of skin care during cancer treatment to manage skin dryness or irritation but should be used as advised by your care team.

Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) is an unconventional method some people use to help manage emotions like fear, anxiety, or stress, especially when facing cancer. It involves tapping on specific points on the body while focusing on distressing feelings. EFT is considered a spiritual or psychological approach and is not a substitute for medical cancer treatments. Discuss with your healthcare team before trying EFT.

Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) is an unconventional method some people use to help manage emotions like fear, anxiety, or stress, especially when facing cancer. It involves tapping on specific points on the body while focusing on distressing feelings. EFT is considered a spiritual or psychological approach and is not a substitute for medical cancer treatments. Discuss with your healthcare team before trying EFT.

Emotional Trauma Release Technique is a spiritual and psychological approach sometimes used by people with cancer to help reduce fear, process emotions, and find personal meaning. It is considered highly unconventional and not a standard cancer treatment. Patients should discuss its use with their care team to understand how it fits with their medical care and goals.

Emphysema is a lung condition that damages the tiny air sacs (alveoli), making it hard to breathe. It often develops from smoking or long-term exposure to lung irritants. Symptoms can include shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing. There is no cure, but treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Emphysema also raises the risk of lung cancer, especially in smokers.

Empliciti, also known as elotuzumab or HuLuc63, is a medicine used to treat multiple myeloma, a type of blood cancer. It works by helping the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. Empliciti is given through an intravenous (IV) infusion, usually with other cancer drugs like lenalidomide or pomalidomide and dexamethasone. If you see this name in your care, ask your healthcare team how it applies to your treatment.

EMR stands for electromagnetic radiation, which is energy that travels in waves and includes types like radio waves, microwaves, visible light, X-rays, and gamma rays. Some forms of EMR can damage cells, while others, like those from cell phones or power lines, are not known to harm DNA directly. If you see EMR mentioned in your care, ask your healthcare team what it means for you personally.

Enalapril is a medicine used to lower high blood pressure and treat heart problems like heart failure. It belongs to a group called ACE inhibitors, which help relax blood vessels to make it easier for the heart to work. In cancer care, enalapril may be used to protect the heart during treatment. Patients should always ask their care team how enalapril fits into their personal health plan.

Enasidenib mesylate (brand name Idhifa) is a medicine used to treat adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that has returned or not responded to other treatments. It works by blocking a protein made by a mutated IDH2 gene found in some cancer cells. Enasidenib is taken by mouth and is also being studied for other cancers.

In cancer care, “encapsulated” means a tumor is confined within a thin layer of tissue called a capsule. This capsule can help doctors understand if the tumor is contained or has spread. The word “capsule” can also refer to a small pill that holds medicine. It’s important to ask your care team what “encapsulated” means in your specific situation rather than assuming it describes your diagnosis or treatment.

Encephalitis is swelling or inflammation of the brain, usually caused by a viral infection. Symptoms can range from mild flu-like signs to severe problems like confusion, seizures, or muscle weakness. It can be serious and sometimes life-threatening, especially in young children, older adults, or people with weakened immune systems. Treatment depends on the cause and may require hospital care.

Encephalopathy is a general term for brain disorders caused by illness, injury, drugs, or chemicals. Symptoms can vary widely and may include confusion, headaches, seizures, or vision problems. Some types, like posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), can develop quickly and may be serious but often improve with treatment. If you see this term in your medical records, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

An enchondroma is a benign (noncancerous) tumor made of cartilage that grows inside bones, most often in the small bones of the hands and feet. These tumors usually cause no symptoms and are often found by chance. While enchondromas themselves are not cancer, some rare conditions involving multiple enchondromas can increase the risk of certain cancers. Patients should discuss monitoring and symptoms with their care team.

Enchondromatosis, also called Ollier disease, is a rare condition where multiple benign cartilage tumors (enchondromas) grow inside bones, often in the hands and feet. These growths can cause bone deformities, fractures, or shortening. People with enchondromatosis have a higher risk of developing certain cancers, including bone cartilage cancer (chondrosarcoma) and cancers of the ovary or liver. It mostly affects children and young adults.

Encorafenib, also known by the brand name Braftovi, is a targeted cancer medicine used to treat certain melanomas, colorectal cancers, and non-small cell lung cancers that have a specific change in the BRAF gene. It works by blocking proteins made by this mutated gene to help slow or stop cancer growth. Encorafenib is usually given with other medicines and is used when cancer has spread or cannot be removed by surgery.

End-of-life care, also called comfort care, is support given to people with cancer who have stopped treatments aimed at curing or controlling their disease. Its main goal is to control pain and other symptoms to keep the person as comfortable as possible during the final weeks or months of life. This care also supports the emotional, social, and spiritual needs of patients and their families.

End-stage cancer, also called terminal cancer, refers to cancer that no longer responds to treatment and is expected to lead to the end of life. At this stage, care focuses on managing symptoms and improving comfort rather than curing the disease. Understanding this term can help patients and caregivers prepare for the changes ahead and discuss care options with their healthcare team.

In medicine, the term "endemic" describes a disease that is regularly found in a specific geographic area or group of people. For example, endemic Burkitt lymphoma is a type of cancer seen at steady levels in certain parts of Africa. If you hear this term, ask your care team how it relates to your symptoms, test results, and treatment options, as it is not a diagnosis by itself.

Endo-Pat 2000 (also called Endopat) is a medical device that checks for early signs of heart disease by measuring blood flow through the fingers. It looks for damage to endothelial cells, which line blood vessels and the heart. This test is sometimes used for people treated for breast cancer to monitor their blood vessel health. Patients should ask their care team how this test relates to their own health.

Endocarditis is an infection or inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and its valves. It can cause symptoms like fever, chills, heart murmurs, and fatigue. People with certain heart conditions or devices, poor dental health, or weakened immune systems are at higher risk. Prompt treatment is important to prevent serious heart damage and other complications.

The endocervical canal, also called the endocervix, is the inner part of the cervix that forms a passage connecting the vagina to the uterus. It is lined with glandular cells that produce mucus. During a pelvic exam, cells may be gently scraped from this canal to check for infections, inflammation, cervical cancer, or early changes that might lead to cancer.

Endocervical curettage is a procedure where a small sample of tissue is gently scraped from the inside of the cervix using a special instrument. It is often done after an abnormal Pap test to check for signs of disease. This test helps doctors look more closely at the cervical canal, which cannot be fully seen during a regular exam. Patients should discuss with their care team what this test means for their individual situation.

The endocervix, also called the endocervical canal, is the inner part of the cervix that connects the vagina to the uterus. It is lined with glandular cells that produce mucus. During pelvic exams, cells may be collected from this area to check for infections, inflammation, or early signs of cervical cancer. Understanding this term helps patients know where certain cervical cancers can start and why testing this area matters.

The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce hormones. These hormones travel through your bloodstream and help control important body functions like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Examples of endocrine glands include the thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands. Problems in these glands can sometimes lead to cancers or other health issues.

Endocrine cancer is a rare type of cancer that starts in the hormone-producing glands or tissues of the body. These glands, like the thyroid or pancreas, release hormones that control important body functions. Because endocrine cancers can behave differently depending on the gland involved, it’s important to talk with your care team about the specific type of tumor and what symptoms to watch for.

Endocrine glands are organs that make hormones, which are chemicals released into the bloodstream to help control important body functions like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Examples include the thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands. Problems in these glands can sometimes lead to tumors or cancers, so understanding their role is important in cancer care.

Endocrine pancreas cells, also called islet cells or islet of Langerhans cells, are special cells in the pancreas that make hormones like insulin and glucagon. These hormones help control blood sugar levels. Some pancreatic cancers start in these cells, known as pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, which are less common but often have a better outlook than other types.

The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce hormones, which travel through the blood to control important body functions like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Key glands include the thyroid, pituitary, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. Understanding this system helps explain how some cancers affect hormone production and body balance.

Endocrine therapy, also called hormonal therapy or hormone treatment, is a cancer treatment that works by adding, blocking, or removing hormones. Some cancers, like breast and prostate cancer, need hormones to grow. This therapy helps slow or stop cancer growth by changing hormone levels or blocking their effects. It’s important to ask your care team how endocrine therapy applies to your specific situation.

An endocrine-inactive tumor is a growth found in hormone-producing (endocrine) tissue that does not produce extra hormones. These tumors often do not cause symptoms until they become large or spread. Sometimes called nonfunctioning tumors, it’s important to understand this term in context and discuss its meaning with your care team for your specific situation.

An endocrinologist is a doctor specially trained to diagnose and treat problems with the endocrine system, which includes glands that make hormones. These hormones control many body functions like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Endocrinologists help manage conditions such as diabetes, thyroid disorders, and hormone-related cancers. They also work with genetic conditions that affect hormone-producing glands, guiding patients on testing and treatment options.

Endocrinology is the medical specialty that focuses on glands and organs that produce hormones. These hormones control many body functions, including growth, metabolism, reproduction, and mood. In cancer care, endocrinology relates to treatments affecting hormone levels and fertility, especially in women with reproductive organ cancers or hormone-related side effects. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Endodermal sinus tumor, also called yolk sac tumor, is a rare cancer that starts in germ cells, which are cells that make sperm or eggs. It most often occurs in the ovary or testicle but can also appear in other parts of the body like the chest, abdomen, or brain. These tumors tend to grow quickly and are the most common malignant germ cell tumor in children.

Endogenous means something produced naturally inside the body or cells. In cancer care, it often refers to substances or processes that originate within the body, such as hormones or immune responses. Understanding whether something is endogenous helps patients and caregivers discuss test results or treatments more clearly with their care team.

Endoluminal refers to the inside space of a hollow organ or tube in the body, such as blood vessels, the stomach, or intestines. Endoluminal laser therapy uses a thin, lighted tube with a laser to reach inside these spaces to cut, destroy, or seal abnormal tissue, often to relieve symptoms caused by advanced cancer. Patients should ask their care team how this term applies to their specific situation.

Endoluminal laser therapy is a procedure that uses a thin, lighted tube with a laser to reach inside hollow organs like the windpipe, stomach, or colon. It helps cut out or destroy abnormal tissue, such as cancer, or seal blood vessels to ease symptoms caused by advanced cancer. This treatment is often used to relieve blockages or bleeding but is not a cure by itself. Patients should ask their care team how it applies to their specific situation.

The endolymphatic sac is a small, balloon-shaped part of the inner ear filled with fluid. It helps protect and support the delicate structures that control hearing and balance by managing fluid pressure and removing waste. If you see this term in your medical information, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment.

Endometrial refers to the lining of the uterus, the organ where a fetus grows during pregnancy. Changes or problems in this lining can cause symptoms like abnormal vaginal bleeding, bleeding after sex, or pelvic pain. Doctors may check the endometrium using exams, imaging, or a biopsy to find the cause of symptoms. Treatments depend on the specific condition affecting the uterine lining.

An endometrial biopsy is a medical procedure that takes a small tissue sample from the lining of the uterus (endometrium). It helps doctors check for abnormal changes, such as thickening, precancerous conditions, or cancer, especially in women with unusual vaginal bleeding or certain risk factors like polycystic ovary syndrome. The procedure is usually done in a doctor’s office and may cause some discomfort or cramping.

Endometrial cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium. It is the most common cancer of the uterus and often causes abnormal vaginal bleeding. Risk factors include obesity, hormone levels, and age. Treatment usually involves surgery to remove the uterus and sometimes the ovaries and fallopian tubes. Understanding this cancer helps patients and caregivers ask informed questions and discuss care options with their healthcare team.

Endometrial disorder refers to abnormal changes in the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium. Symptoms may include unusual bleeding, such as bleeding after sex, or pelvic pain. To find the cause, your health care provider may perform exams, blood tests, imaging, or a biopsy. Treatment depends on the specific cause of the disorder.

Endometrial hyperplasia is an abnormal thickening of the lining of the uterus. When cells look atypical, it can increase the risk of developing endometrial cancer. Women with this condition often need careful monitoring and treatment. Symptoms may include unusual vaginal bleeding. Diagnosis is usually made by an endometrial biopsy, a procedure to collect tissue from the uterus lining for examination.

Endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) is a rare cancer that starts in the connective tissue of the uterus lining. It can be low grade or high grade, depending on how abnormal the cancer cells look and how fast they may grow or spread. ESS is different from the more common endometrial cancer that begins in the lining cells. Understanding the term and its context helps patients and caregivers discuss diagnosis and treatment clearly with their care team.

Endometrioid adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that usually starts in the glandular cells of the lining of the uterus or ovary. It tends to grow and spread slowly, can often be treated successfully, and generally has a good chance of recovery. This cancer may also be called endometrioid cancer, so it’s important to understand the term in context and discuss what it means for each person with the care team.

Endometrioid cancer, also called endometrioid adenocarcinoma, is a type of cancer that usually starts in the glandular cells of the lining of the uterus (endometrium) or the ovary. It tends to grow and spread slowly, can often be treated successfully, and generally has a good chance of recovery. The term may appear in medical reports under different names, so it’s important to discuss what it means for each person with the care team.

Endometriosis is a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus, often causing pelvic pain, heavy periods, and sometimes infertility. It most commonly affects the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and tissues around the uterus. There is no cure, but treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

The endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus, the hollow organ in a woman’s pelvis where a pregnancy grows. It changes throughout the menstrual cycle and is where most uterine cancers, called endometrial cancers, begin. Understanding this term can help patients and caregivers follow discussions about uterine health, symptoms, and treatments.

Endopat (also called Endo-Pat 2000) is a medical device that checks for early signs of heart disease by measuring blood flow through the fingers. It looks for damage to endothelial cells, which line blood vessels and the heart. This test is sometimes used to monitor blood vessel health in people treated for breast cancer. Patients should talk with their care team to understand what the test means for their own health.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of tubes and sacs inside cells that helps make and move important molecules. It has two types: rough ER, which has ribosomes and makes proteins, and smooth ER, which makes fats and sugars. If you see this term in your care, ask your medical team how it relates to your situation, as it is not a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Endorectal ultrasound (also called ERUS, transrectal ultrasound, or TRUS) is a procedure where a small ultrasound probe is gently inserted into the rectum. It uses sound waves to create images of the rectum and nearby areas like the prostate. This test helps doctors look for abnormalities but is not a diagnosis or treatment by itself. Patients should ask their care team how this test relates to their specific situation.

Endorphins are natural chemicals made by the brain that help reduce pain and improve feelings of well-being. Beta-endorphin, made mainly in the pituitary gland, is released during pain, exercise, or stress. While it supports the body’s natural pain relief, it does not replace medical treatments. Understanding endorphins can help patients and caregivers learn how the body manages pain and stress, especially during cancer care.

An endoscope is a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera used by doctors to look inside the body, especially the digestive tract. It helps find problems like inflammation, bleeding, or tumors. Some endoscopes are swallowed as a small pill to take pictures inside the intestines. Endoscopy is a tool for diagnosis and guiding treatment, not a treatment itself.

Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is a procedure that uses a thin, flexible tube called an endoscope to remove abnormal or early cancerous growths from the lining of the digestive tract. It is often used for early-stage cancers or precancerous lesions in the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, or rectum. EMR is less invasive than surgery and helps both diagnose and treat certain digestive tract conditions.

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a procedure that uses a thin, flexible tube with a camera to look inside the digestive tract and inject dye into the bile and pancreatic ducts. It helps doctors find and treat problems like blockages, gallstones, or tumors in these ducts. ERCP is often used when other safer tests are not enough and usually involves some treatment during the procedure.

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a procedure that uses a thin, flexible tube with a small ultrasound probe to create detailed images of organs inside the digestive tract and nearby areas. It helps doctors find tumors, check if cancer has spread, and guide biopsies. EUS is often used before surgery for cancers like rectal cancer to better understand the tumor and nearby lymph nodes.

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration (EUS-FNA) is a procedure that uses a thin, flexible tube with an ultrasound probe and a needle to take a small tissue sample from inside the body. The tube is inserted through the mouth into the esophagus to help doctors see and reach areas near the digestive tract. This test helps find tumors, check if cancer has spread, or guide treatment decisions. It’s important to ask your care team how this test applies to your.

Endoscopy is a medical procedure that uses a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera to look inside the body. It helps doctors examine organs like the stomach, esophagus, or colon to find causes of symptoms such as bleeding or pain. Endoscopy can also be used to take tissue samples or perform minor treatments. It is an important tool in diagnosing and managing conditions that may increase cancer risk.

Endosonography, also called endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), is a procedure where a thin, flexible tube with a small ultrasound probe is gently inserted into the digestive tract. It creates detailed images of organs nearby to help doctors find tumors, check if cancer has spread, and guide biopsies. It is often used before surgery for cancers like rectal cancer to better understand the tumor and nearby lymph nodes.

Endostatin, also called COL18A1, is a protein made from collagen found in connective tissues. It is being studied in cancer care because it may help stop tumors from growing new blood vessels, which tumors need to grow and spread. While not yet a standard treatment, endostatin is part of research focused on blocking blood vessel growth to slow cancer.

Endothelial cells are the main cells lining the inside of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. They help keep blood vessels healthy and control blood flow. Damage to these cells can be an early sign of heart problems. A medical device called Endo-Pat 2000 can test how well these cells work by measuring blood flow in the fingers. Patients should discuss what this means for their health with their care team.

An endothelin receptor antagonist is a type of drug that blocks a protein called endothelin-1, which may help some cancer cells grow and spread. These drugs are being studied, especially for cancers like prostate cancer, to see if they can slow or stop cancer from spreading. They are not yet standard treatments but may be part of clinical trials or new treatment plans.

An endothelin-1 protein receptor antagonist is a substance that blocks endothelin-1 from attaching to its receptor. Endothelin-1 is a molecule that affects blood vessels and blood pressure and can encourage the growth of some cells. Patients should discuss with their care team how this term relates to their specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

An endpoint is a specific sign or event doctors watch to see if a cancer treatment is working. Examples include tumor shrinkage, symptom relief, or survival. Endpoints are often used in clinical trials to measure treatment effects. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand endpoints in context and ask the care team what they mean for individual care decisions.

An enema is a procedure where liquid is gently placed into the rectum and lower bowel through the anus. In cancer care, enemas may be used for diagnostic tests like a barium enema to help find colon problems. Some alternative diets include coffee enemas, but these are not part of standard cancer treatment and lack strong scientific support.

Energy balance refers to the relationship between the calories you eat and the calories your body uses. It is influenced by factors like physical activity, body size, and genetics. Maintaining energy balance supports healthy weight and nutrition, which are important during cancer treatment. If you see this term, ask your care team how it applies to your personal health and treatment plan.

Energy healing, also called spiritual healing or energy therapy, is a complementary approach some people use during cancer treatment. It involves hands-on or hands-near-body techniques aimed at balancing the body’s energy to promote relaxation and well-being. While it is studied for improving quality of life and reducing side effects, there is no scientific evidence that energy healing can treat or cure cancer.

Energy therapy, also called energy healing, is a complementary approach some people use during cancer treatment. It involves hands-on or hands-near-body techniques aimed at balancing the body’s energy to promote relaxation and well-being. While it is studied for improving quality of life and reducing side effects, there is no scientific evidence that energy healing can treat or cure cancer.

Enfortumab vedotin, also known as Padcev, is a targeted cancer drug used to treat adults with certain urothelial cancers affecting the bladder or urinary tract. It works by attaching to cancer cells and delivering medicine that helps kill them. It is often used when the cancer has spread or cannot be removed by surgery, especially after other treatments have been tried.

English Chamomile, also called Roman Chamomile, is a plant with small white daisy-like flowers found in Europe, North America, and Argentina. Its dried flowers are often used in teas to help calm nerves, improve sleep, and soothe mild stomach issues. The plant’s essential oil is used in perfumes, lotions, and aromatherapy. If you see this term in your care, ask your healthcare team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it is a treatment or diagnosis.

English Lavender, also called True Lavender or simply Lavender, is a fragrant plant from the mint family. Its flower oil has been used in some cultures for medical purposes, insect repellent, and aromatherapy. A substance in English Lavender called perillyl alcohol is being studied for possible roles in cancer prevention and treatment. Patients should ask their care team how this term applies to their situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment.

Enhertu (also called fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan) is a targeted cancer treatment for adults with certain HER2-positive or HER2-low cancers, including breast, stomach, and lung cancers. It combines a monoclonal antibody that attaches to HER2 proteins on cancer cells with a chemotherapy drug to help kill those cells. Enhertu is used when cancer cannot be removed by surgery or has spread to other parts of the body.

Eniluracil, also called Ethynyluracil, is a drug that can help make the chemotherapy drug fluorouracil work better. Patients may see this term in medical reports or treatment discussions. It’s important to understand the term in context and ask your care team how it relates to your specific care, rather than assuming it means a particular diagnosis or treatment by itself.

An enlarged prostate, also called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), is a common, non-cancerous growth of the prostate gland in men, especially as they age. It can press on the bladder and urethra, causing urinary symptoms like frequent urination, weak urine flow, or difficulty emptying the bladder. While it does not increase cancer risk, untreated BPH can lead to urinary problems and other complications.

Enoxaparin is a blood thinner used to prevent and treat blood clots. It is often given by injection to people at risk of clots due to surgery, illness, or heart problems. It works predictably, so routine blood monitoring is usually not needed. Enoxaparin is considered safe during pregnancy but should be used under medical guidance.

Enriched foods are products that have nutrients added back after processing, such as B vitamins in white bread or pasta. Some enriched foods contain plant-based compounds called phytosterols, which may help lower cholesterol levels. While phytosterol-enriched foods can reduce LDL cholesterol, their benefit in lowering heart disease risk is uncertain. If you see this term in your care, ask your healthcare team what it means for you.

Ensacove (ensartinib hydrochloride) is a medicine used to treat adults with a type of lung cancer called ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer that has spread and has not been treated with similar drugs before. It works by blocking proteins made by the ALK gene, which may help stop cancer cells from growing. Ensacove is taken by mouth and is sometimes called ensartinib.

Ensartinib hydrochloride, sold under the brand name Ensacove, is a targeted cancer medicine used to treat adults with ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer that has spread and who have not received similar treatments before. It works by blocking proteins made by the ALK gene, which may help slow or stop cancer growth. Ensacove is taken by mouth as a pill.

Ensure is a nutritional drink that provides vitamins, minerals, protein, and fats. It helps people who cannot get enough nutrients from food alone, supporting bone strength, muscle rebuilding, and healing after illness or surgery. It can be taken by mouth or through tube feeding and is often used in cancer care to help maintain nutrition during treatment.

An ENT doctor, also called an otolaryngologist, is a doctor specially trained to diagnose and treat diseases of the ear, nose, and throat. They help manage conditions affecting these areas and may be involved in cancer care related to head and neck tumors. If you see this term in your medical records or hear it during visits, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

Enteral nutrition provides nutrients through the digestive system using oral supplements or feeding tubes when cancer or its treatment makes eating enough difficult. It helps maintain calories, protein, and hydration to support treatment tolerance. Patients and caregivers should discuss with their care team how enteral nutrition fits their individual needs rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Enteral nutrition protocols provide nutrition through oral supplements or feeding tubes into the stomach or small intestine when cancer or its treatment makes eating difficult. These protocols help maintain calories, protein, hydration, and support treatment tolerance. They are personalized plans created by dietitians and require careful monitoring to ensure safety and effectiveness.

An enterostomal therapist is a health professional trained to care for people with stomas, such as colostomies or urostomies. They help patients manage and adjust to living with these openings, offering support and guidance. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your care, rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Entinostat is a substance being studied as a treatment for several types of cancer. It works by blocking certain enzymes that cancer cells need to grow and divide. You might also see it called HDAC inhibitor SNDX-275 or simply SNDX-275. If you come across this term, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it means a particular diagnosis or treatment.

Entrectinib, also known by the brand name Rozlytrek, is a cancer drug used to treat certain types of tumors that have specific genetic changes. It is approved for adults with non-small cell lung cancer that is ROS1-positive and for adults and children aged 1 month and older with solid tumors that have an NTRK gene fusion. Entrectinib works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow.

Enucleation is a surgical procedure that removes the entire eyeball while leaving the eye muscles and surrounding tissues intact. It is often done to treat eye tumors, severe injury, or painful blind eyes. After enucleation, an orbital implant and a prosthetic eye can help restore a natural appearance. If you see this term in your care, ask your healthcare team how it applies to your situation.

An enveloped virus is a virus that has an outer coat called an envelope. This envelope comes from the infected cell’s membrane during a process called budding. The envelope helps the virus survive and infect other cells. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand this term in context and ask the care team how it relates to their specific situation.

Environmental exposure means coming into contact with substances in the air, water, food, or soil that might affect your health. These can include things like sunlight, cigarette smoke, radon, or chemicals found at home or work. Some exposures may increase the risk of diseases, including cancer. If you see this term in your care, ask your healthcare team how it relates to your situation.

Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS), also called secondhand smoke, is the smoke that comes from burning tobacco products and the smoke exhaled by smokers. Breathing in this smoke is called passive or involuntary smoking. It contains many harmful chemicals, including about 70 known to cause cancer. Exposure to ETS increases the risk of lung cancer and other health problems in nonsmokers.

Environmental Toxin Avoidance, also called Non-Toxic Living, is an approach some people use during cancer care to reduce exposure to pesticides, pollutants, and household chemicals. It aims to support comfort, reduce stress, improve mobility, and help with symptom relief or recovery. This approach is considered supportive and is not a substitute for standard cancer treatments.

Environmental Toxin Avoidance, also called Non-Toxic Living, is an approach some people use during cancer care to reduce exposure to pesticides, pollutants, and household chemicals. It aims to support comfort, reduce stress, improve mobility, and help with symptom relief or recovery. This approach is supportive and is not a substitute for standard cancer treatments.

Enzalutamide (brand name Xtandi) is a medicine used to treat prostate cancer. It works by blocking male hormones that help prostate cancer cells grow. It is often used when prostate cancer no longer responds to treatments that lower testosterone or when the cancer is at high risk of spreading. Enzalutamide is taken by mouth and is part of hormone therapy to help control prostate cancer growth.

Enzastaurin hydrochloride, also known as LY317615, is a substance studied for cancer treatment. It works by blocking certain cell signals and may stop tumors from growing new blood vessels they need to survive. It is a type of drug called a serine threonine kinase inhibitor and antiangiogenesis agent. Patients may see this term in medical reports or clinical trials related to cancers like lymphoma, breast, colon, lung, ovarian, and prostate cancer.

Enzymes are proteins in the body that speed up chemical reactions. In cancer care, some treatments work by blocking enzymes that cancer cells need to grow. Understanding the role of enzymes can help you ask your care team how this applies to your diagnosis or treatment plan. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

An enzyme inhibitor is a substance that blocks enzymes, which are proteins that help chemical reactions happen in the body. In cancer treatment, enzyme inhibitors may be used to stop enzymes that cancer cells need to grow. If you see this term, ask your care team how it applies to your treatment or health, as it is not a diagnosis or a direct treatment on its own.

Enzyme Therapy Diets are nutrition plans discussed in cancer care to support digestion, reduce inflammation, boost immune health, and improve treatment tolerance. While some people explore these diets as alternative cancer treatments, their safety and effectiveness vary. It’s important to talk with your health care team before trying enzyme therapy diets to understand how they might affect your care.

ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is a lab test that uses antibodies attached to enzymes to detect and measure specific substances, like proteins, in a liquid sample such as blood. It produces a color change that helps doctors diagnose diseases or monitor health conditions, including some related to cancer. It may also appear under related names such as ELISA.

An EOB, or Explanation of Benefits, is a document your health insurance company sends after you get medical care. It shows the date of service, the total cost, how much your insurance paid, and what you may owe. Understanding your EOB helps you keep track of medical bills and insurance payments.

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that help your body fight infections and respond to allergies. They can increase in number during allergic reactions, infections, or some diseases. In cancer care, eosinophils may appear in reports related to certain rare, non-cancerous growths called angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia, which can sometimes be mistaken for cancer. Understanding this term in context helps reduce worry and guides proper care.

Eosinophilia means having a higher than normal number of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, in the blood. It often happens in response to allergies, infections, or other conditions. In cancer care, eosinophilia may appear in reports related to rare, non-cancerous growths like angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia. Understanding this term in context helps patients and caregivers avoid unnecessary worry.

EP-2101 is a substance being studied as a possible treatment for cancer. It belongs to a group of drugs called cancer vaccines, which aim to help the immune system fight cancer. If you see this term, it’s important to talk with your care team about what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Epcoritamab, sold as Epkinly, is a targeted cancer drug called a bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE). It is used to treat adults with certain types of B-cell lymphoma, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma, especially when the cancer has returned or not improved after other treatments. Epcoritamab helps the immune system’s T cells find and attack lymphoma cells more effectively.

Ependyma is a thin layer of cells lining the fluid-filled spaces in the brain and spinal cord. These cells help produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions and supports the brain and spinal cord. Sometimes, tumors called ependymomas can develop from these cells. Understanding this term can help patients and caregivers better discuss brain or spinal cord conditions with their healthcare team.

Ependymal cells are special cells that line the fluid-filled spaces in the brain and spinal cord. They help produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions and supports the central nervous system. Sometimes, tumors called ependymomas can develop from these cells. Understanding ependymal cells can help patients and caregivers better discuss brain or spinal cord conditions with their healthcare team.

An ependymal tumor, also called ependymoma, is a growth that starts in ependymal cells lining the fluid-filled spaces of the brain and spinal cord. These tumors can occur at any age but are more common in children’s lower brain and adults’ spinal cord. They usually grow slowly and rarely spread outside the central nervous system. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers discuss diagnosis and treatment with their care team.

Ependymoma is a type of tumor that starts in ependymal cells, which line the fluid-filled spaces in the brain and spinal cord. These tumors can occur at any age but are more common in young children. They usually grow slowly and rarely spread outside the brain or spinal cord. Ependymoma may also be called an ependymal tumor. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers discuss diagnosis and treatment with their care team.

Ephedra, also called Ma Huang, is a plant used in traditional medicine to help with breathing problems like asthma and coughs. However, it can raise blood pressure and heart rate and may interfere with cancer treatments. Because of safety concerns, supplements containing Ephedra have been banned by the FDA. Patients should always talk with their cancer care team before using any products containing Ephedra.

An epidemiologist is a scientist who studies how diseases affect groups of people. They look for patterns and causes of illness to help prevent disease and improve public health. For patients, it’s important to understand that this term describes a role in research and public health, not a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Epidemiology is the study of how diseases, including cancer, affect groups of people. It looks at patterns, causes, and ways to control illness in populations. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand epidemiology as a tool for research and public health, not as a personal diagnosis or treatment plan.

Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) is a protein made by many cells in the body that helps cells grow and become more specialized. It works by attaching to a receptor called the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on the surface of some cells. Changes in the EGFR gene or protein can be found in certain cancers, such as non-small cell lung cancer. Understanding EGF and EGFR can help guide cancer treatment decisions.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a protein found on the surface of some cells. It helps control cell growth and division by receiving signals from growth factors. In certain cancers, changes in the EGFR gene can cause too many EGFR proteins to be made, leading to faster cancer cell growth. Drugs that block EGFR activity are used to treat some cancers.

The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Gene (EGFR gene) makes a protein that helps control how cells grow and survive. Changes in this gene can cause some cancers, especially certain lung cancers, to grow faster. Testing for changes in the EGFR gene in tumor tissue can help doctors choose treatments that target these changes and may slow cancer growth. The gene is also called ERBB1 gene or HER1 gene.

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors (EGFR inhibitors) are medicines that block a protein called EGFR, which helps some cancer cells grow and divide. By blocking this protein, these drugs may slow or stop cancer growth. They are used to treat certain cancers and can cause side effects like a skin rash that looks like acne.

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (EGFR inhibitors) are medicines that block a protein called EGFR, which helps some cancer cells grow and divide. By blocking EGFR, these drugs may slow or stop cancer growth. They are used to treat certain cancers and can cause side effects like a skin rash that looks like acne.

The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. It acts as a protective barrier and contains cells like basal cells, which produce new skin cells. In skin cancer, such as basal cell carcinoma, cancer starts in these basal cells found in the lowest part of the epidermis. Understanding the epidermis helps patients learn about early skin cancer stages and treatment options.

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis is a rare inherited skin condition that usually starts in childhood. It causes wart-like or scaly patches on the skin and increases the risk of developing certain types of skin cancer, especially squamous cell carcinoma. It is linked to changes in specific genes and makes people more vulnerable to infections with some human papillomaviruses (HPV).

Epidermoid carcinoma, also known as squamous cell carcinoma, is a type of cancer that starts in squamous cells. These are thin, flat cells found on the skin’s surface and lining many organs and body passages. This cancer can occur in areas like the anus, cervix, head and neck, and vagina. Understanding this term in context and discussing it with your care team is important for personalized diagnosis and treatment.

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare inherited skin condition that causes the skin to be very fragile and blister easily from minor injury. People with EB may have an increased risk of certain skin cancers, such as squamous cell carcinoma. EB usually starts at birth and requires careful skin care and monitoring. If you or a loved one has EB, it’s important to talk with your care team about what this means for your health and cancer risk.

Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex, Dowling-Meara (EBS-DM) is a rare inherited skin condition that causes clusters of blisters on the hands, feet, face, and body. It usually appears at birth and may improve over time. People with EBS-DM have a higher risk of developing basal cell skin cancer by about age 55. The condition is caused by changes in the KRT5 or KRT14 genes.

The epididymis is a narrow, tightly coiled tube attached to each testicle where sperm mature and are stored. It plays an important role in male fertility by allowing sperm to develop the ability to move and fertilize an egg. Changes or problems in the epididymis, such as cysts or abnormalities, can affect reproductive health. The term may also appear in cancer-related tests, such as those measuring human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), which can be linked to certain cancers.

An epidural is a way to give medicine into the space around the spinal cord to numb the lower body. It’s often used to relieve pain during childbirth or surgery. In cancer care, you might hear about epidurals when discussing pain relief or delivery options if pregnancy is involved. Always ask your healthcare team how the term applies to your specific situation.

An epidural block is a type of pain relief where medicine is injected into the space around the spinal cord to numb the lower body. It is often used during childbirth or surgery to reduce pain. In cancer care, understanding this term helps patients and caregivers discuss pain management or delivery options if pregnancy is involved. Always ask your healthcare team how it applies to your specific situation.

Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) is a natural antioxidant found mainly in green tea. It is studied for its possible health benefits, including cancer prevention, but is not a proven treatment. EGCG is available in dietary supplements, though high doses may cause side effects like nausea or liver problems. Always talk with your healthcare team before using EGCG supplements.

Epigastric refers to the upper middle area of the abdomen, just below the ribs. It is not a muscle or organ but a region where muscles like the diaphragm and abdominal muscles work together. In cancer care, this term may appear in reports or discussions about symptoms, anatomy, or surgeries such as breast reconstruction using tissue from the lower abdomen.

Epigenetic alteration, also called epigenetic variant or epimutation, is a change in how genes work without changing the DNA sequence itself. These changes happen when chemical groups attach to or detach from DNA or the proteins around it. Epigenetic alterations can affect how cells behave and may influence disease risk. If you see this term in your medical information, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Epigenetic Nutrition Protocols are diet or nutrition plans discussed in cancer care to support nutrition, metabolism, inflammation, digestion, immune health, and treatment tolerance. These protocols may be used alongside conventional treatment or as alternative approaches, but their safety and effectiveness vary. Patients should always review such protocols with their healthcare team before use.

An epigenetic variant is a change in how genes work without altering the DNA sequence itself. These changes happen when small chemical groups attach to or detach from DNA or the proteins that help organize DNA. Epigenetic variants can affect cell behavior, influence disease risk, and may be passed from parents to children. They are sometimes called epigenetic alterations or epimutations.

Epigenetics is the study of how genes can be turned on or off without changing the DNA sequence itself. These changes can be influenced by factors like age, diet, and environment, and may affect health and disease risk. For patients, it’s important to understand epigenetics in context and ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than treating the term as a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Epigenomics is the study of changes in how genes are turned on or off without changing the DNA itself. These changes, called epigenetic alterations, can be influenced by age, diet, exercise, and environmental factors. For patients, it’s important to understand epigenomics in the context of their own health and ask their care team how it relates to their diagnosis or treatment.

The epiglottis is a small flap of tissue in the throat that covers the windpipe (trachea) when you swallow, preventing food or liquid from entering the lungs. In cancer care, the epiglottis is part of the upper voice box area and may be involved if cancer grows larger than 4 centimeters or spreads to this flap. Understanding this term helps patients discuss their diagnosis and treatment clearly with their care team.

Epilepsy is a brain disorder that causes repeated seizures due to abnormal electrical activity. In cancer care, seizures may happen if tumors affect the brain or as side effects of treatment. Doctors may prescribe anti-seizure medications to help manage these symptoms and improve safety and quality of life. It’s important to understand how epilepsy relates to your specific situation by discussing it with your care team.

An epimutation, also called an epigenetic alteration or epigenetic variant, is a change in how genes work without changing the DNA sequence itself. These changes happen when small chemical groups attach to or detach from DNA or the proteins that organize DNA. Epimutations can affect cell behavior and may influence disease risk, including cancer. If you see this term, ask your care team what it means for your health.

Epinephrine, also called adrenaline, is a natural hormone your body makes to help respond quickly to stress or danger. It raises your heart rate and energy, preparing you for a 'fight or flight' reaction. In cancer care, adrenaline may be mentioned when discussing symptoms, treatments, or side effects related to stress and hormone changes. Understanding it can help you follow your care and ask questions.

Epipodophyllotoxins are natural substances from the American Mayapple plant used in some cancer treatments. They work by blocking an enzyme called topoisomerase II, which helps cancer cells grow. Some medicines made from epipodophyllotoxins, like etoposide and teniposide, are used in chemotherapy. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your treatment or diagnosis.

Epirubicin hydrochloride, also known by the brand name Ellence, is a chemotherapy drug used mainly to treat breast cancer that has spread to lymph nodes after surgery. It works by blocking enzymes cancer cells need to grow and repair, helping to kill them. It is often given with other medicines and is being studied for other cancers. Patients should discuss with their care team how it applies to their treatment.

Episcleritis, also called bulbar conjunctivitis, is inflammation of the thin tissue covering the white part of the eye. It can cause redness, mild pain, swelling, and light sensitivity. Usually, it does not affect vision and often improves on its own without treatment. This condition may be mentioned during cancer care if eye symptoms appear or if related autoimmune conditions are involved.

Episodic breathlessness means having sudden periods of trouble breathing that come and go. It often happens in people with lung cancer, other lung diseases, or some heart conditions. If you or a loved one hear this term, it’s important to talk with your care team about what it means for your specific situation, rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan by itself.

Epithelial cells are the cells that cover the inside and outside surfaces of the body. Many common cancers, including ovarian cancer, start in these cells. Understanding the term 'epithelial' can help you better understand your diagnosis and treatment options. If you see this term in your medical reports, ask your healthcare team what it means for your care.

Epithelial carcinoma is a type of cancer that starts in the cells lining the surfaces of organs or tissues. These cells, called epithelial cells, cover the inside and outside of the body. Understanding this term can help patients and caregivers better grasp the nature of the cancer and why certain tests or treatments are recommended. Always ask your healthcare team how this term applies to your specific diagnosis and care.

Epithelial ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the tissue covering the ovaries, which are female reproductive organs that produce eggs. It is the most common form of ovarian cancer. Similar cancers can also begin in the fallopian tubes or the lining of the abdomen, and these are treated in the same way. Early signs may be subtle or absent, so diagnosis often involves exams and imaging tests.

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is a rare tumor that forms in blood vessels, often in the liver, lungs, or bones. It can grow slowly or quickly and may spread to other parts of the body. EHE usually affects adults but can sometimes occur in children. Symptoms depend on where the tumor is located, such as chest pain or breathing problems if in the lungs, or skin patches if on the skin.

Epithelioid hemangioma is a rare, non-cancerous growth made of small blood vessels surrounded by certain white blood cells. It often appears as firm pink or red bumps on the skin, especially on the head, but can also occur in bones. Though benign, it may cause discomfort and sometimes returns after treatment. It is also known as angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia or histiocytoid hemangioma.

Epithelioid sarcoma is a rare type of soft tissue cancer that usually starts as a slow-growing, firm lump under the skin or in deep soft tissues, often on the arms, hands, or fingers. It most commonly affects young adults and can spread to nearby tissues, lymph nodes, or other parts of the body. It may come back after treatment, so careful follow-up is important.

Epithelium is a thin layer of cells that covers the surfaces of organs, glands, and other body structures. It lines both the outside and inside surfaces of the body, including organs like the breast, lung, stomach, colon, pancreas, prostate, uterus, and cervix. Understanding epithelium in context helps patients and caregivers ask the right questions about its role in diagnosis or treatment.

An epitope is a specific part of a molecule that an antibody or immune cell recognizes and binds to. It is like a tiny “target” on a substance, such as a virus, bacteria, or cancer cell, that helps the immune system identify and respond to it. Understanding epitopes helps doctors develop treatments and tests that use antibodies to find or fight cancer.

Epkinly (epcoritamab) is a targeted cancer drug used to treat adults with certain types of B-cell lymphoma, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma, especially when the cancer has returned or not improved after other treatments. It helps the immune system’s T cells find and attack lymphoma cells more effectively.

EPO906, also known as Epothilone B, is a substance being studied as a possible treatment for cancer. It belongs to a group of drugs called epothilones. If you see this term in your medical information, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

EPOCH is a chemotherapy treatment used mainly for aggressive types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It combines several drugs—etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin—to attack cancer cells in different ways. You might see it called EPOCH regimen or DA-EPOCH-R, which means the doses are adjusted based on how a person responds. Always ask your care team how this treatment applies to your specific situation.

EPOCH is a chemotherapy treatment used mainly for aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It combines five drugs—etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin—to attack cancer cells in different ways. Sometimes it includes rituximab, a targeted therapy, and doses may be adjusted based on how a person responds. Always ask your care team how this treatment applies to your specific situation.

EPOCH-R is a chemotherapy treatment used mainly for certain aggressive types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It combines six drugs, including rituximab and several chemotherapy medicines. Sometimes the doses are adjusted during treatment to balance effectiveness and side effects. Patients should talk with their care team to understand how this treatment applies to their individual situation.

EPOCH-R Regimen is a chemotherapy treatment used mainly for certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It combines six drugs, including rituximab, etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin. Some drug doses are adjusted during treatment to balance effectiveness and side effects. Patients should talk with their care team to understand how this treatment applies to their specific situation.

Epoetin alfa is a medicine used to treat anemia, a condition where the blood has too few red blood cells. It is a lab-made version of a natural hormone that helps the body make more red blood cells. Epoetin alfa is often called by brand names like Epogen, Procrit, or Retacrit. It is used in people with anemia caused by chemotherapy, chronic kidney disease, or certain other conditions to help reduce fatigue and the need for blood transfusions.

Epoetin Beta is a lab-made medicine that helps the body produce more red blood cells. It is used to treat anemia, a condition where there are not enough red blood cells, often caused by chronic kidney problems or cancer treatments like chemotherapy. Patients should always ask their healthcare team how Epoetin Beta relates to their own care, as this term alone is not a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Epogen is a medicine used to treat anemia, a condition where the blood has too few red blood cells. It is a lab-made version of a natural hormone called erythropoietin that helps the body make more red blood cells. Epogen is often used for anemia caused by chemotherapy, chronic kidney disease, or certain other conditions to help reduce tiredness and the need for blood transfusions. It is also known by brand names like Procrit and Retacrit.

Epothilones are substances made by bacteria that can stop cells from dividing. Some epothilones are being studied as possible treatments for cancer. If you see this term in your medical information, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Epothilone B, also called EPO906, is a substance being studied as a possible treatment for cancer. It belongs to a group of drugs called epothilones, which work by stopping cancer cells from dividing. Epothilone B is not yet a standard treatment and may appear in medical reports or research. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

Epothilone D, also called KOS-862, is a substance being studied as a possible cancer treatment. It works by stopping cancer cells from dividing. If you see this term in your medical information, it’s important to ask your healthcare team how it relates to your care, rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or a treatment plan.

Epothilone ZK219477 is a laboratory-made substance being studied as a possible cancer treatment. It works by stopping cancer cells from dividing, which may help slow tumor growth. This drug is still experimental and not a standard treatment. If you see this term in your medical information, ask your healthcare team how it relates to your care rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Epratuzumab is a type of monoclonal antibody that attaches to a protein called CD22 found on B cells, a kind of white blood cell, and some cancer cells. It is being studied as a treatment for certain B-cell cancers like non-Hodgkin lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, as well as autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Patients should discuss with their care team how it relates to their specific situation.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common virus that many people carry without symptoms. It can cause infectious mononucleosis and is linked to certain cancers, including nasopharyngeal cancer. EBV infection increases cancer risk but is not a diagnosis by itself. Patients should discuss what EBV means for their health with their care team.

EPT, or Electroporation Therapy, is a treatment that uses electrical pulses delivered through an electrode placed in a tumor to help anticancer drugs enter cancer cells more effectively. It is sometimes used alongside chemotherapy or surgery to reduce the chance of cancer returning. Understanding this term can help patients follow treatment plans and discussions about advanced cancer care.

ER stands for Estrogen Receptor, a protein found inside some cells, including certain breast cancer cells. If cancer cells have estrogen receptors (ER positive), they may need estrogen to grow. If they do not have these receptors (ER negative), they grow without estrogen. Knowing ER status helps guide treatment decisions. It’s important to discuss what ER means for your specific case with your care team.

ER Negative means cancer cells do not have estrogen receptors and do not need estrogen to grow. This term is often used in breast cancer to describe tumors that won’t respond to hormone therapies targeting estrogen. Understanding ER Negative status helps guide treatment decisions. Patients should ask their care team how this applies to their specific diagnosis and treatment plan.

ER Positive means cancer cells have a protein called the estrogen receptor that binds to the hormone estrogen. These cancer cells may need estrogen to grow. Knowing if cancer is ER positive helps doctors decide if hormone-blocking treatments might be helpful. This term is often used in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment discussions.

ER-Negative PR-Negative Her2/Neu-Negative Breast Cancer, also called triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), is a type of breast cancer where the tumor cells lack estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and excess HER2 protein. This classification helps guide treatment decisions. Patients may see different names for this cancer type, so it’s important to discuss what it means for individual care with the healthcare team.

ERA-923 is a substance being studied as a possible treatment for cancer. It belongs to a group of drugs called antiestrogens, which work by blocking estrogen effects. Patients should discuss with their care team how ERA-923 might relate to their specific situation, rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or recommended treatment.

Erb-38 Immunotoxin is a substance made by linking a toxic chemical to an antibody that specifically attaches to cancer cells. This combination helps target and kill tumor cells. If you see this term, it’s important to discuss with your healthcare team how it relates to your care, rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan on its own.

Erbb1, also known as EGFR, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, or HER1, is a protein found on some cells that helps control cell growth and survival. Changes in the EGFR gene can cause some cancers to grow faster. Testing for EGFR changes can help guide treatment, and some cancer drugs target this protein to slow tumor growth. Understanding these terms can help patients discuss their care more clearly.

The ERBB1 gene, also called the EGFR gene, epidermal growth factor receptor gene, or HER1 gene, makes a protein that helps control how cells grow and survive. Changes in this gene can cause some cancers, especially certain lung cancers, to grow faster. Testing for changes in the ERBB1 gene in tumor tissue can help doctors choose treatments that target these changes and may slow cancer growth.

Erbitux (cetuximab) is a targeted cancer medicine used to treat certain head and neck and colorectal cancers. It works by attaching to a protein called EGFR on some cancer cells, which may help slow or stop their growth. Erbitux can be given alone or with chemotherapy or radiation. It is prescribed based on specific tumor features and may cause side effects like skin rash or infusion reactions.

The ERCC2 gene helps cells repair damaged DNA. Changes (mutations) in this gene can reduce the cell’s ability to fix DNA damage, which may lead to abnormal cell growth and increase cancer risk. Some inherited conditions linked to ERCC2 mutations include xeroderma pigmentosum, which raises the chance of skin cancer. Patients should discuss what ERCC2 means for their own health with their care team.

The ERCC3 gene helps cells repair damaged DNA and make proteins. Changes (mutations) in this gene can stop cells from fixing DNA damage, which may lead to abnormal cell growth and increase cancer risk. Some inherited conditions linked to ERCC3 mutations, like xeroderma pigmentosum, raise the chance of skin and other cancers. Always discuss what ERCC3 means for you with your care team.

The ERCC4 gene helps make a protein that repairs damaged DNA in cells. Changes in this gene can reduce the cell’s ability to fix DNA damage, which may lead to abnormal cell growth and increase cancer risk. Some inherited conditions linked to ERCC4 mutations, like xeroderma pigmentosum, raise the chance of skin and other cancers. It’s important to discuss what ERCC4 means for you with your care team.

The ERCC5 gene makes a protein that helps repair damaged DNA. Changes in this gene can cause inherited conditions like xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), which increases the risk of skin cancer. ERCC5 gene mutations may also be linked to other rare disorders. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand ERCC5 in context and discuss its meaning with the care team rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography) is a procedure that uses a thin, flexible tube with a camera to look inside the digestive tract and inject dye into the bile and pancreatic ducts. It helps doctors find and treat problems like blockages, gallstones, or tumors in these ducts. ERCP is often done when other tests are not enough and usually involves treatment during the procedure.

Erdafitinib, also known by the brand name Balversa, is a targeted cancer medicine used to treat adults with advanced urothelial cancer (bladder or urinary tract cancer) that has spread and has a specific gene change called FGFR3. It is usually given when the cancer has worsened after other treatments like chemotherapy or immunotherapy.

Erdheim-Chester Disease (ECD) is a very rare disorder where certain white blood cells build up in tissues and organs, causing damage. It most often affects the long bones of the arms and legs but can involve many parts of the body. Symptoms vary widely, from mild to severe. ECD is a type of histiocytosis and mainly affects adults. Treatment may include targeted drugs if specific gene mutations are found.

Erectile dysfunction (ED), also called impotence, is when a man has trouble getting or keeping an erection firm enough for sexual activity. It can be caused by health conditions, treatments, or lifestyle factors. ED is common and may affect men with cancer, especially after prostate cancer treatment. Talking with your care team can help you understand what it means for you and explore treatment options.

An erection is when the penis fills with blood and becomes firm. Cancer treatments, especially for prostate cancer, can affect nerves and blood vessels involved in erections, sometimes causing difficulties. Patients may hear about erections in treatment plans or side effect discussions and should ask their care team how it relates to their personal situation.

Ergocalciferol, also known as vitamin D2, is a form of vitamin D found in plants and fungi. In cancer care, vitamin D is studied for its possible effects on bone health and cancer risk. Doctors may check vitamin D levels to support bone strength during treatment. If you see ergocalciferol mentioned, ask your care team how it relates to your health, as it is not a cancer treatment by itself.

Eribulin mesylate, also known as E7389 or Halaven, is a chemotherapy drug used to treat certain breast cancers and soft tissue cancers like liposarcoma, especially after other treatments have been tried. It works by stopping cancer cells from dividing and growing. Patients may see different names for this drug in medical reports, so it’s helpful to ask the care team how it fits into their specific treatment plan.

Erismodegib, also known as LDE225, Odomzo, or sonidegib phosphate, is a drug used to treat locally advanced basal cell carcinoma (a type of skin cancer) that has returned after surgery or radiation, or when these treatments are not possible. It works by blocking proteins involved in tissue growth, which may help stop cancer cells from growing. Erismodegib is also being studied for other cancers. Always ask your care team how it applies to your situation.

Erivedge, also known as vismodegib or GDC-0449, is a medication approved to treat basal cell carcinoma, a type of skin cancer. It is used when the cancer has spread, returned after surgery, or cannot be treated with surgery or radiation. Erivedge works by blocking proteins involved in cancer growth. Patients may see this name in treatment plans or reports and should discuss its meaning with their care team.

Erleada, also known as apalutamide, is a medicine used to treat certain types of prostate cancer. It works by blocking male hormones that help cancer cells grow. Erleada is used when prostate cancer has spread but still responds to hormone-lowering treatments, or when it has not spread but no longer responds to those treatments.

Erlotinib hydrochloride, also known as Tarceva, CP-358,774, or OSI-774, is a targeted cancer drug used to treat certain types of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with specific EGFR gene mutations. It is also combined with gemcitabine to treat some pancreatic cancers. Erlotinib works by blocking a protein that helps cancer cells grow, potentially slowing or stopping tumor growth.

ERMS, or embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, is a type of soft tissue cancer that most often affects infants and young children. It starts in muscle tissue, commonly in the head, neck, or genitourinary areas. Understanding this term can help patients and caregivers recognize the diagnosis and discuss treatment options with their care team.

ERT, or estrogen replacement therapy, is treatment with the hormone estrogen to increase estrogen levels in the body. It is often given to women who have gone through menopause naturally or early menopause caused by cancer treatments or surgery. ERT may help relieve menopause symptoms like hot flashes and vaginal dryness and protect bone health. If you see ERT mentioned in your care, ask your healthcare team how it applies to you.

Eructation, also known as belching or burping, is the release of air or gas from the stomach or esophagus through the mouth. It often happens when swallowed air builds up, such as from eating or drinking too fast, talking while eating, or drinking fizzy drinks. It is a common and usually harmless bodily action but can sometimes be linked to digestive conditions or side effects of medicines.

ERUS, also called endorectal ultrasound or transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), is a procedure where a small probe is placed into the rectum to create images of the rectum and nearby areas using sound waves. It helps doctors look for abnormalities, such as tumors or other changes, especially in cancer care. If you see ERUS mentioned in your reports, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Erwinaze is a cancer medicine used mainly to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It contains an enzyme that breaks down asparagine, a nutrient some cancer cells need to grow. It is especially important for patients who cannot use a similar drug made from E. coli bacteria. Erwinaze is given with other cancer treatments and helps target cancer cells while managing side effects and safety.

Erythema means redness of the skin or mucous membranes. It often happens as a side effect of radiation therapy in cancer treatment. This redness is caused by increased blood flow in small blood vessels near the skin’s surface. If you hear this term, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Erythrocytes, also called red blood cells or RBCs, are cells made in the bone marrow that carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Checking their number is a common part of blood tests like the complete blood cell (CBC) test. Understanding erythrocyte counts helps doctors look for conditions such as anemia or blood disorders. If you see this term in your medical report, ask your care team what it means for you personally.

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) is a blood test that measures how quickly red blood cells settle at the bottom of a test tube in one hour. It helps detect inflammation or other conditions like infection, cancer, or autoimmune diseases. ESR results need to be understood in context and discussed with your healthcare team, as they do not provide a diagnosis or treatment plan on their own.

Erythrodysplasia, also called erythroid dysplasia, is a condition where immature red blood cells in the bone marrow look or behave abnormally. It can happen due to vitamin deficiencies, chemotherapy, or as part of a blood disorder called refractory anemia, which is linked to myelodysplastic syndromes. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Erythrogenesis Imperfecta, also known as Diamond-Blackfan anemia or Blackfan–Diamond anemia, is a very rare inherited condition where the bone marrow makes too few red blood cells. It usually appears in babies under one year old and may cause symptoms like tiredness and pale skin. Some children have physical differences such as thumb deformities. People with this condition have a higher risk of certain cancers, including leukemia and bone cancer.

Erythroid dysplasia, also called erythrodysplasia, is a condition where immature red blood cells in the bone marrow look or behave abnormally. It can happen due to vitamin deficiencies, chemotherapy, or as part of a blood disorder called refractory anemia, linked to myelodysplastic syndromes. It’s important to ask your care team what this means for your specific health situation.

Erythroleukemia is a rare type of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) where many immature, abnormal red blood cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. It often causes symptoms related to low blood counts, such as fatigue, infections, and bleeding. Treatment usually follows the same approach as other AML types. Prognosis depends on individual risk factors rather than the name alone.

Erythroleukoplakia is an abnormal patch of red and white tissue that can form inside the mouth. It carries a higher risk of becoming cancerous compared to simpler white patches called homogeneous leukoplakia. Tobacco use and alcohol may increase this risk. If you hear this term, it’s important to discuss with your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Erythroplakia is an uncommon red patch that appears inside the mouth, often on the tongue or cheek. While most erythroplakias are not cancer, they carry a higher risk of being precancerous or cancerous compared to white patches called leukoplakia. It is often linked to tobacco use, alcohol, or irritation from dentures. If you hear this term, ask your care team what it means for your specific health.

Erythropoiesis is the natural process by which the body makes red blood cells. These cells carry oxygen to tissues and organs. Medicines called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) can help treat anemia, a condition with low red blood cell counts, often caused by kidney problems, cancer treatments, or some infections. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your health and treatment.

Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are medicines that help the body make more red blood cells. They are used to treat anemia caused by chronic kidney failure, some cancer treatments, and certain HIV therapies. ESAs can reduce tiredness and the need for blood transfusions. Common examples include epoetin alfa (Epogen, Procrit) and darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp). Always ask your care team how ESAs relate to your treatment.

Erythropoietin is a hormone made by the kidneys that helps the body produce red blood cells. Lab-made versions, such as epoetin alfa (Epogen, Procrit) and darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp), are used to treat anemia caused by chemotherapy, chronic kidney disease, or other conditions. These medicines help improve energy and reduce symptoms like tiredness by increasing red blood cell counts.

ESA stands for erythropoiesis-stimulating agent, a medicine that helps the bone marrow make more red blood cells. In cancer care, ESAs are often used to treat anemia caused by chemotherapy or other treatments. They can reduce the need for blood transfusions. Examples include epoetin alfa and darbepoetin alfa. If you see ESA in your records, ask your care team what it means for your treatment.

Escitalopram, also known by the brand name Lexapro, is a medication used to treat depression and certain anxiety disorders. It belongs to a group of drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Common side effects may include headache, nausea, and sexual problems. It is important to discuss any concerns or side effects with your healthcare provider.

Esomeprazole magnesium, also known as Nexium, is a medicine that reduces stomach acid. It is commonly used to treat acid reflux and prevent certain stomach ulcers. Researchers are also studying it for preventing esophageal cancer and managing side effects of chemotherapy. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your treatment or symptoms.

Esophageal refers to the esophagus, the muscular tube that carries food and liquids from the throat to the stomach. Problems with the esophagus can include difficulty swallowing, weight loss, or a persistent cough. Risk factors for esophageal cancer include smoking, heavy alcohol use, acid reflux, and certain esophagus conditions. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers discuss symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options with their care team.

Esophageal cancer is a disease where cancer cells form in the tissues lining the esophagus, the tube that carries food from the throat to the stomach. Symptoms may include trouble swallowing, weight loss, and a hoarse voice or cough that doesn’t go away. Risk factors include smoking, heavy alcohol use, acid reflux, and certain esophagus conditions. Diagnosis involves imaging and biopsy. Treatment depends on the cancer’s type and stage.

Esophageal reflux, also called gastric reflux or gastroesophageal reflux, happens when stomach acid and contents flow backward into the esophagus. This can cause symptoms like heartburn, burping, or a chronic cough. It may occur alongside cancer or its treatments. If you see this term in your medical records, ask your care team what it means for you personally rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Esophageal speech is a way to speak after removal of the voice box (larynx), often due to laryngeal cancer surgery. It uses air trapped and released from the esophagus to create sound. Learning this skill can take time and effort, and the voice may sound quieter and lower than before. Patients and caregivers should ask their care team how esophageal speech fits their personal treatment and recovery plan.

An esophageal stent is a small tube made of metal mesh, plastic, or silicone that is placed in the esophagus to keep a blocked or narrowed area open. This helps patients with esophageal cancer or other conditions swallow soft foods and liquids more easily. It is important to understand how an esophageal stent fits into your care by discussing it with your healthcare team.

Esophagectomy is a major surgery to remove part or all of the esophagus, often done to treat esophageal cancer. It is a complex operation usually performed by specialized surgeons. After removal, the esophagus is often replaced with a tube made from the stomach or intestine. Recovery can be long and may involve changes in eating habits. Patients should discuss with their care team how this surgery fits their individual situation.

Esophagitis is inflammation of the esophagus, the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. It can cause symptoms like heartburn, pain when swallowing, nausea, and cough. Esophagitis may result from acid reflux, infections, medications, or other causes. If untreated, it can lead to scarring or increase the risk of esophageal cancer. Patients should discuss what esophagitis means for their care with their health team.

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), also called upper endoscopy or upper GI endoscopy, is a procedure where a thin, flexible tube with a camera is passed through the mouth to look inside the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine. It helps doctors find abnormal areas, take tissue samples, and sometimes treat problems like bleeding or narrow passages.

Esophagoscopy is a procedure that uses a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera to look inside the esophagus and upper digestive tract. It helps doctors check for problems like inflammation, ulcers, or cancer. Patients usually need to fast before the test and may receive local numbing or sedation. It is a diagnostic tool, not a treatment by itself, so ask your care team how it applies to your situation.

An esophagram, also called a contrast esophagram, is a special X-ray test that takes pictures of the esophagus after you drink a liquid containing barium sulfate. The barium coats the inside of the esophagus, helping doctors see its shape and lining. This test helps find problems like narrowing, blockages, or tumors and is often used in cancer care to check for changes in the esophagus.

The esophagus is the muscular tube that carries food and liquids from your throat to your stomach. Problems with the esophagus, like acid reflux (GERD), Barrett's esophagus, or achalasia, can increase the risk of esophageal cancer. Symptoms may include trouble swallowing, chest pain, or heartburn. Lifestyle changes such as not smoking, limiting alcohol, eating smaller meals, and maintaining a healthy weight can help prevent or reduce symptoms.

ESR, or erythrocyte sedimentation rate, is a blood test that measures how quickly red blood cells settle at the bottom of a test tube in one hour. It can be higher in conditions like inflammation, infection, cancer, and some blood or bone marrow diseases. For patients, ESR is a helpful clue but not a diagnosis on its own. Always ask your care team what your ESR results mean for your specific situation.

The ESR1 gene makes a protein called the estrogen receptor (ER), which helps cells respond to the hormone estrogen. Changes (mutations) in this gene can make the ER protein too active or more common in some cancer cells, such as breast or endometrial cancer. Understanding ESR1 gene changes can help guide treatment, but it’s important to discuss what it means for each person with the healthcare team.

ESS, or endometrial stromal sarcoma, is a rare type of cancer that starts in the connective tissue of the uterus lining. It is different from more common uterine cancers and may occur mostly in women aged 40 to 50. ESS can vary in how fast it grows and spreads. If you see this term, it’s important to discuss with your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Essential oils are natural, fragrant liquids taken from plants. They are often used in aromatherapy to help ease symptoms like anxiety or nausea during cancer care. When used as directed, essential oils have few side effects. It’s important to talk with your healthcare team about how essential oils might fit into your care, rather than relying on them as a treatment for cancer itself.

Essential thrombocythemia (also called essential thrombocytosis) is a rare blood condition where the bone marrow makes too many platelets. Platelets help blood clot, so having too many can increase the risk of blood clots or bleeding. It is a type of chronic blood disorder called a myeloproliferative neoplasm. Many people have no symptoms at diagnosis, and doctors use blood tests and genetic information to guide care.

Essential thrombocytosis, also called essential thrombocythemia, is a rare blood disorder where the bone marrow makes too many platelets. Platelets help blood clot, so having too many can increase the risk of blood clots or bleeding. It is a type of chronic blood condition called a myeloproliferative neoplasm. Many people have no symptoms at diagnosis, and doctors use blood tests and genetic information to guide care.

Essiac is an herbal tea mixture sometimes used by people with cancer as a complementary approach. It contains herbs like burdock root, Indian rhubarb root, sheep sorrel, and slippery elm bark. While some believe it supports immune health or symptom relief, there is no scientific proof that Essiac treats cancer. Patients should always discuss its use with their care team to ensure safety and coordination with their cancer treatment.

Essiac Tea is an herbal tea sometimes used by people with cancer as a supportive nutrition approach. It may be considered alongside cancer treatments to help with symptom relief, weight maintenance, or treatment tolerance. However, it is not an approved cancer treatment. Patients should always discuss its use with their healthcare team to understand how it fits their individual care plan.

Essiac-Support Diets are nutrition plans linked to cancer care, discussed for their potential effects on nutrition, metabolism, inflammation, digestion, immune health, and treatment tolerance. These diets may be considered as supportive care or alternative approaches. Patients should always talk with their healthcare team before using such diets to understand their safety and role in their specific cancer treatment plan.

An ester is a chemical compound formed when an acid and an alcohol combine, often found in natural oils and fragrances. In cancer care, the term 'ester' may appear in discussions about medications or biological processes involving fats and cholesterol. Understanding esters in context can help patients ask their care team how these substances relate to their health and treatment.

Esterified estrogens are a type of estrogen medication used in hormone therapy. They help relieve menopausal symptoms like hot flashes and vaginal dryness, and are also used to treat certain cancers such as breast cancer in women and men, and prostate cancer in men. These medications are taken by mouth and may have fewer side effects than some other forms of estrogen.

Esthesioneuroblastoma, also called olfactory neuroblastoma, is a rare cancer that starts in the upper part of the nasal cavity, where the sense of smell begins. It most often affects children and teens and can spread to nearby areas like the sinuses, eyes, or brain. Symptoms may include nasal blockage, nosebleeds, or changes in smell. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsy. Treatment usually includes surgery and radiation.

Estradiol is a natural hormone in the body, mainly known as a form of estrogen. In cancer care, you might hear about related terms like 2-Methoxyestradiol, a drug studied for slowing tumor growth, or 18F-16 Alpha-Fluoroestradiol, a special imaging substance used to find breast cancer cells with estrogen receptors. It’s important to understand these terms in context and ask your care team how they relate to your care.

Estramustine phosphate is a medication used to treat prostate cancer. It combines a hormone called estradiol (an estrogen) with a chemotherapy drug. It works partly by acting like estrogen in the body and partly by slowing cancer cell growth. Patients should discuss with their care team how estramustine might fit into their treatment plan, as it is not used for everyone and can have side effects.

Estrogen is a hormone made by the body that helps develop and maintain female sex characteristics and supports bone growth. It plays a role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Estrogen levels can affect some cancers, especially breast cancer, where cancer cells may grow in response to this hormone. Treatments may include medicines that block estrogen to help control certain cancers.

An estrogen blocker, also called an antiestrogen, is a medicine that stops cells from making or using estrogen, a hormone important for female development and reproduction. These blockers are often used to treat breast cancers that need estrogen to grow. They may also be studied for other cancers. Understanding this term can help patients and caregivers discuss hormone-related treatments with their care team.

Estrogen cream is a hormone-containing cream applied to the vagina, vulva, or urethra to treat symptoms caused by low estrogen levels. It may help with vaginal dryness, painful intercourse, or certain abnormal cervical cell changes. Your healthcare provider might suggest estrogen cream if tests show no high-risk HPV infection but hormone changes are suspected. Always ask your care team how estrogen cream fits your personal health situation.

Estrogen receptors (ER) are proteins found inside some cells, including certain cancer cells. These receptors bind to the hormone estrogen, which can help some cancers grow. Testing for estrogen receptors helps doctors understand if a cancer is estrogen receptor-positive (ER+), which can influence treatment choices, especially hormone therapies. The term ER may appear in medical reports and discussions about diagnosis, staging, or treatment monitoring.

Estrogen Receptor Negative (ER Negative) describes cancer cells that do not have estrogen receptors and do not need estrogen to grow. This term is often used in breast cancer to explain tumors that usually do not respond to hormone therapies targeting estrogen. Understanding ER Negative status helps guide treatment decisions and is important for patients to discuss with their care team.

Estrogen receptor positive (ER positive) describes cancer cells that have proteins called estrogen receptors. These cells may need the hormone estrogen to grow. Knowing if cancer is ER positive helps doctors decide if hormone-blocking treatments might be helpful. You might see this term in test results, treatment plans, or discussions about your care.

An estrogen receptor test is a lab test that checks if breast cancer cells have proteins called estrogen receptors. These receptors allow cancer cells to use the hormone estrogen to grow. Knowing if cancer cells have estrogen receptors helps doctors decide if hormone-blocking treatments like tamoxifen might be helpful. It is one part of understanding breast cancer and planning treatment.

Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) is a treatment that gives estrogen hormone to women who have low estrogen levels, often after menopause or early menopause caused by cancer treatments or surgery. It can help relieve symptoms like hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, and sleep problems, and may also protect bone health by reducing the risk of osteoporosis.

ET 743, also known as ecteinascidin, trabectedin, or Yondelis, is a chemotherapy drug used to treat certain soft tissue sarcomas like liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma. It is often given when surgery isn’t possible or when the cancer has spread, usually after other chemotherapy treatments. The drug works by damaging cancer cells’ DNA to stop their growth.

Etanercept (brand name Enbrel) is a biologic medicine used mainly to treat autoimmune diseases like arthritis. It works by blocking a protein called tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which causes inflammation. It is also being studied for use in cancer-related conditions such as loss of appetite and weight loss. Patients should always discuss with their care team how etanercept might apply to their specific situation.

Etaracizumab, also known as Abegrin or MEDI-522, is an experimental medicine being studied to treat some cancers. It is a lab-made protein called a monoclonal antibody that attaches to blood vessels in tumors. By blocking new blood vessel growth, it may help slow tumor growth and prevent cancer from spreading. It is not yet a standard treatment and is usually available only through clinical trials.

Ethanol ablation, also called alcohol ablation, PEI, or percutaneous ethanol injection, is a treatment where doctors inject alcohol directly into a tumor through the skin. Guided by imaging like ultrasound or CT scans, this method helps destroy cancer cells in a targeted, less invasive way. It may be used to control or shrink certain tumors, especially when surgery is not an option.

Etheylenediaminetetraacetic Acid, also called EDTA or Edetic Acid, is a chemical that binds to certain metals like calcium, magnesium, lead, and iron. In medicine, it helps prevent blood samples from clotting and can remove harmful metals from the body. It may also help stop bacteria from forming sticky layers called biofilms, which can cause infections. Patients should ask their care team how this chemical relates to their care.

Ethical refers to beliefs about what is right and wrong, especially in how people behave. In cancer care, it often relates to rules and protections that researchers and doctors follow to keep patients safe and treated fairly during clinical trials and medical studies. It may also appear under related names such as Moral.

An ethical will is a personal message or document where someone shares their values, memories, life lessons, and hopes for the future. It is not a legal document. In cancer care, the term may also relate to ethical guidelines that protect patients in clinical trials, ensuring safety and respect during research.

Ethiodized Oil, also known as Ethiodol or Lipiodol, is a special form of poppy seed oil that contains iodine. It is used in medical imaging to help show certain body parts like salivary glands and lymph vessels. In cancer care, it may be injected to highlight tumors or deliver treatment, especially in the liver. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

Ethiodol, also called Ethiodized Oil, Iodized Oil, or Lipiodol, is a special iodine-containing oil made from poppy seeds. It is injected to help doctors see certain body parts like salivary glands, lymph vessels, and tumors during imaging tests. In cancer care, it may also carry treatment directly to tumors, especially in the liver. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your care.

The ethmoid sinuses are small, air-filled spaces located in the spongy bone between the eyes, near the upper part of the nose. They are part of the paranasal sinuses, which help keep the inside of the nose moist. In cancer care, the ethmoid sinuses may be mentioned when discussing tumors or treatments involving the nasal area. It’s important to ask your care team how this term relates to your specific situation.

An ethnic group is a community of people who share common cultural traits, language, ancestry, or traditions passed down through generations. In cancer care, understanding ethnic groups helps identify how certain cancers, like chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), may affect some groups more than others. This information supports better research, prevention, and treatment planning.

Ethnicity refers to the shared social and cultural traits of a group of people, such as language, religion, and traditions. In cancer care, ethnicity can influence risk factors, how common certain cancers are, and financial challenges related to treatment. Understanding ethnicity helps healthcare teams provide better, more personalized care. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Ethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (EBQ) is a natural chemical found in the defensive secretions of certain beetles, including Ulomoides dermestoides. It is sometimes mentioned in alternative medicine discussions but is not a recognized cancer treatment. Patients should ask their care team how this term relates to their care rather than assuming it indicates a diagnosis or therapy.

Ethylene oxide is a colorless, flammable gas used to sterilize medical equipment and make other chemicals. It can damage DNA, which helps it kill germs but also means long-term exposure may increase the risk of certain cancers like lymphoma and leukemia. People may be exposed through industrial emissions, tobacco smoke, or products sterilized with ethylene oxide.

Ethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (EBQ) is a natural chemical found in the defensive secretions of certain beetles, especially Ulomoides dermestoides (Chinese Weevils). It appears in discussions about folk therapies where live beetles are swallowed, but EBQ is not an approved cancer treatment. Laboratory studies show it can harm both cancer and normal cells, and safety concerns exist. Patients should ask their care team about its meaning in their care.

Ethynyluracil, also called Eniluracil, is a drug that can help make the chemotherapy medicine fluorouracil work better. It is sometimes mentioned in cancer treatment discussions or reports. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific treatment, as it is not a diagnosis or a treatment by itself.

Ethyol, also known as amifostine, is a medicine used during certain cancer treatments to protect healthy tissues. It helps reduce side effects like kidney damage from chemotherapy and dry mouth from radiation therapy. By shielding normal cells, Ethyol aims to make cancer treatment safer and easier to tolerate, improving quality of life during therapy.

Etidronate (also called etidronic acid) is a type of bisphosphonate drug once used to treat bone problems like high blood calcium and bone diseases. It works by affecting bone breakdown and formation. Unlike other bisphosphonates, etidronate can also prevent bone calcification if taken continuously. Patients should always ask their care team how this drug relates to their specific situation.

Etiology means the cause or origin of a disease or condition. In cancer care and medicine, it helps explain why a disease happens. Understanding etiology can guide diagnosis and treatment. Patients should ask their care team what etiology means in their specific case, as it is not a diagnosis or treatment by itself but a way to understand the cause behind symptoms or test results.

Etopophos (also called etoposide phosphate) is a chemotherapy drug used with other medicines to treat small cell lung cancer and certain testicular cancers. It works by blocking an enzyme that cancer cells need to divide and repair their DNA, which may help kill the cancer cells. Etopophos is approved by the FDA and is sometimes studied for other cancers.

Etoposide (also called VP-16) is a chemotherapy drug used with other medicines to treat certain cancers, including small cell lung cancer and testicular cancer. It works by blocking an enzyme cancer cells need to divide and repair their DNA, which may help kill them. Etoposide is often part of combination treatments and may appear in medical reports or treatment plans. Patients should ask their care team how it applies to their specific situation.

Etoposide phosphate (brand name Etopophos) is a chemotherapy drug used with other medicines to treat small cell lung cancer and certain testicular cancers. It works by blocking an enzyme cancer cells need to divide and repair DNA, which may help kill them. It is given by injection and is also being studied for other cancers.

ETS, also known as environmental tobacco smoke or secondhand smoke, is the smoke from burning tobacco products and the smoke exhaled by smokers. Breathing in ETS is called passive or involuntary smoking. It contains many harmful chemicals, some of which can cause cancer. Exposure often happens in homes, workplaces, and public places where smoking occurs. Understanding ETS helps patients and caregivers discuss risks and protections with their care team.

Eucalyptus is a type of evergreen tree native mostly to Australia, known for its distinctive leaves that hang downward and contain oil glands. Its leaves and oils are sometimes used in small amounts in products like mouthwash and cough medicines. If you see the term “Eucalyptus” in your care, ask your healthcare team what it means for your situation rather than assuming it refers to a treatment or diagnosis.

Euphoria is a feeling of great happiness or well-being. It can happen naturally during activities like exercise or music, or as a side effect of some medicines, including certain pain drugs. In cancer care, it’s important to understand euphoria in context and ask your care team what it means for you, rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

EUS, or endoscopic ultrasound, is a procedure where a thin, flexible tube with a camera and ultrasound probe is inserted into the body to create detailed images of internal organs. It helps doctors look closely at areas inside the digestive tract and nearby tissues. For patients, it’s important to understand EUS as a test or tool, not a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

EUS-FNA (Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration) is a procedure that uses a thin, flexible tube with an ultrasound probe and a needle to collect a small tissue sample from inside the body. It helps doctors find tumors, check if cancer has spread, and guide treatment decisions. Patients should ask their care team how this test applies to their specific situation.

Euthanasia, also called mercy killing, means intentionally ending a person’s life to relieve suffering from an incurable or painful illness. In cancer care, it is important to understand this term carefully and ask your care team how it applies to your situation. It is different from treatments like palliative sedation, which aim to ease symptoms without causing death.

Functional Tumor Profiling / EVA-PCD is a laboratory test that examines living tumor samples outside the body to see how they respond to different chemotherapy or targeted drugs. This test helps identify which treatments are most likely to cause tumor cells to die for a specific patient. It is sometimes called EVA-PCD or simply Functional Tumor Profiling. Patients should discuss what this test means for their care with their medical team.

Evaluable disease refers to cancer or tumors that cannot be measured by their size but can be assessed using other methods. This term often appears in clinical trials and medical reports. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand this term in context and discuss with the care team how it applies to their specific situation, rather than viewing it as a diagnosis or treatment decision on its own.

Evaluable patients are those whose response to a cancer treatment can be measured because enough information has been collected. This term often appears in clinical trial results to describe patients whose tumor changes or biomarker levels can be assessed. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand this term in context and discuss with the care team what it means for an individual’s care.

Evan Brand Functional Fatigue Solutions is an interactive video-based program that aims to help improve energy and reduce fatigue. It uses tests like DNA stool analysis, organic acids, and mycotoxin testing to build personalized protocols. People with cancer may explore this approach to support nutrition, manage symptoms, or improve quality of life alongside their medical care. Always discuss such programs with your healthcare team before use.

Evan Brand Gut Restoration, also called the Better Belly Protocol, is a gut-health program that uses stool and organic acids testing, elimination diets, and targeted supplements. In cancer care, it may be discussed to help relieve symptoms, support nutrition, improve treatment tolerance, aid recovery, or support immune and metabolic health. Patients should always talk with their healthcare team before starting this protocol during cancer treatment.

Evan Brand Gut Restoration, also called the Better Belly Protocol, is a gut-health program that uses stool and organic acids testing, elimination diets, and targeted supplements. In cancer care, it may be discussed to help relieve digestive symptoms, support nutrition, improve treatment tolerance, aid recovery, and support immune or metabolic health. Always talk with your healthcare team before starting this protocol during cancer treatment.

Evan Brand Long Haul Warriors is a program offering step-by-step guidance for managing long-haul symptoms using at-home lab data. In cancer care, it may be discussed for symptom relief, nutrition support, immune help, or quality of life. Patients should always talk with their healthcare team before trying it, especially during active cancer treatments or if they have other health concerns.

Evan Brand Mold and Mycotoxin Functional Medicine Protocol is a program focused on identifying and addressing mold-related illness using specialized lab tests, environmental checks, detox support, and supplements. Some people with cancer explore this approach to help with symptoms, nutrition, or recovery, but it is not a proven cancer treatment. Always discuss such protocols with your healthcare team before use.

Evan Brand Sick Building Solutions is a course that teaches how to reduce toxic exposures in home environments, focusing on air, water, mold, personal care products, and household items. In cancer care, it may be discussed for symptom relief, nutrition support, or improving quality of life. Patients should always talk with their healthcare team before trying this approach to ensure safety and avoid interfering with cancer treatments.

Event-Free Survival (EFS) is the length of time after cancer treatment ends during which a patient remains free from certain problems the treatment aimed to prevent, such as the cancer returning or new symptoms developing. It is often used in clinical trials to help doctors understand how well a treatment works. If you see this term, ask your care team what specific events are being tracked and how it relates to your care.

Everolimus is a medicine used to treat certain cancers like breast, kidney, and neuroendocrine tumors. It is also used to treat some non-cancerous tumors and to prevent organ transplant rejection. Everolimus works by blocking a protein that helps cancer cells grow and form new blood vessels, slowing tumor growth. It is sold under brand names such as Afinitor, Afinitor Disperz, and Zortress.

Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) is a way doctors use the best scientific research, combined with their experience and your personal values, to guide decisions about your care. It helps plan treatments that are safe and effective. When you see EBM mentioned, ask your care team how it applies to your unique situation, since it is not a diagnosis or a treatment by itself.

Evista, also known as raloxifene hydrochloride, is a medication used to reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women at high risk. It is also approved to prevent and treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Evista works by blocking estrogen’s effects in breast tissue, which may help prevent cancer cell growth, while supporting bone strength. It is a type of hormone therapy called a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM).

Evomela is a brand of melphalan hydrochloride given as an infusion to treat certain cancers, especially multiple myeloma. It is often used to prepare patients for stem cell transplants or when patients cannot take melphalan by mouth. Evomela works by damaging cancer cells’ DNA to stop their growth. Patients should ask their care team how Evomela fits into their specific treatment plan.

Evoxac, also called cevimeline hydrochloride, is a medication that helps increase saliva and sweat production. It is often used to manage dry mouth caused by problems with the salivary glands, including dryness from cancer treatments like radiation to the head and neck. Evoxac helps ease symptoms but does not cure the underlying cause. Talk with your healthcare provider to see if it might be right for you.

Ewing sarcoma is a rare cancer that usually starts in the bones or soft tissues, often affecting children and young adults. It includes several related tumors such as Ewing tumor of bone, primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET), and Askin tumors of the chest wall. Symptoms often include pain and swelling near the tumor site. Treatment may involve chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation.

Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors (EFTs) is a group of rare cancers that usually affect children and young adults. These tumors start in bone or soft tissue and include types like Ewing sarcoma of bone, extraosseous Ewing tumors, primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET), and Askin tumors of the chest wall. Understanding the specific tumor type helps guide treatment and care.

Ex vivo means studying or testing living cells, tissues, or organs outside the body in a controlled lab setting. In cancer care, ex vivo testing—such as Functional Tumor Profiling or EVA-PCD—examines fresh tumor samples to see how they respond to different chemotherapy or targeted drugs. This helps doctors identify treatments most likely to kill tumor cells for an individual patient. Patients should discuss with their care team how ex vivo results apply to their specific situation.

Exalgo is a strong opioid pain medicine used to treat moderate to severe pain, including pain related to cancer. It is made from morphine and works by affecting the brain and nervous system. Exalgo is also known by other names such as Dilaudid, Hydromorphone Hydrochloride, and Hydrostat IR. Patients should always ask their care team how this medicine applies to their specific situation.

Exatecan Mesylate, also known as DX-8951F, is a type of anticancer drug called a topoisomerase inhibitor. It works by interfering with enzymes that cancer cells need to grow. You might see this term in medical reports or treatment discussions. It’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific care, as seeing the name alone does not mean it is part of your treatment plan.

An excisional biopsy is a surgical procedure where a doctor removes an entire lump or suspicious area from the skin to check for disease. This helps doctors diagnose conditions like cancer by examining the whole abnormal area under a microscope. Sometimes a small amount of healthy tissue around the lump is also taken to ensure complete removal.

Excisional skin surgery is a procedure where a doctor uses a scalpel to remove a skin growth, such as a mole, cyst, or skin cancer, along with some healthy tissue around it. It is usually done with local anesthesia. Patients should discuss with their care team how this surgery applies to their specific situation rather than assuming it means a particular diagnosis or treatment plan.

Exclusion or elimination diets in oncology are nutrition plans that remove certain foods or ingredients to support cancer care. These diets may help manage symptoms, improve digestion, reduce inflammation, or support immune health and treatment tolerance. They should always be discussed with healthcare providers to ensure safety and fit with overall cancer treatment.

Exclusion or elimination diets in oncology are nutrition plans that remove certain foods or ingredients to support cancer care. These diets may help manage symptoms, improve digestion, reduce inflammation, support immune health, or improve treatment tolerance. They should always be discussed with healthcare providers to ensure safety and fit with overall cancer treatment.

To excrete means to get rid of waste materials from the body through normal ways like sweat, urine, or stool. This process helps keep the body healthy by removing substances that could be harmful if they build up. In cancer care, understanding how the body excretes drugs and waste can be important for treatment and recovery.

Exemestane, also known by the brand name Aromasin, is a medicine used mainly to treat certain types of breast cancer in women after menopause. It works by lowering estrogen levels in the body, which can help slow or stop the growth of breast cancers that need estrogen to grow. It is often used after other hormone treatments like tamoxifen.

Exenteration is a major surgery that removes multiple organs from a body cavity, often the pelvis, to treat advanced cancers. Anterior pelvic exenteration targets organs in the front part of the pelvis, such as the bladder and reproductive organs. It is a complex procedure usually considered when other treatments are not enough. Patients should discuss with their care team what this surgery means for their specific case.

Exercise, also called physical activity, means moving your body in ways that improve health and well-being. It can help manage pain, stress, fatigue, sleep problems, and side effects of cancer treatment. Regular exercise supports emotional coping and quality of life alongside medical care. It may also lower the risk of some cancers and other serious diseases.

Exercise, also called physical activity, means moving your body in ways that improve health and well-being. It can help manage pain, stress, fatigue, sleep problems, and side effects of cancer treatment. Regular exercise supports emotional coping and quality of life alongside medical care. It may also lower the risk of some cancers and other serious diseases.

Existential therapy is a type of talk therapy that helps people explore life’s bigger questions, such as meaning, purpose, and personal responsibility. It encourages individuals to understand their own experiences and make healthy choices, recognizing both their strengths and limits. This approach can support people facing challenges like anxiety or depression, helping them find ways to cope and communicate better.

Exisulind is a drug studied for treating and preventing certain cancers. It works by blocking an enzyme that is often found in high amounts in precancerous and cancerous colorectal cells, helping to trigger their death while sparing normal cells. Patients should discuss with their care team how Exisulind might relate to their specific situation rather than seeing it as a direct treatment recommendation.

Exjade, also known as deferasirox, is a medicine taken by mouth to remove extra iron from the blood. It is often used for people who have too much iron because of frequent blood transfusions. Exjade works by binding to the extra iron so the body can get rid of it, mainly through stool. Patients should always talk with their healthcare team about how this medicine fits into their care.

The exocervix, also called the ectocervix, is the outer part of the cervix that opens into the vagina. It is covered with thin, flat cells called squamous cells. During pelvic exams, doctors may gently collect cells from this area to check for infections, inflammation, or early signs of cervical cancer. Understanding the exocervix helps with cervical cancer screening and care.

Exocrine glands are organs that make and release substances like sweat, tears, saliva, milk, and digestive juices through ducts or openings to the body’s surface or inside the digestive tract. Examples include sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, and digestive glands in the stomach, pancreas, and intestines. Understanding this term in context is important, so patients should ask their care team how it relates to their specific situation.

Exocrine pancreas cells are cells in the pancreas that make enzymes to help digest food. These enzymes are released into the small intestine to break down what you eat. If you see this term in your medical information, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your health, rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Exosomes are tiny sacs released by many cells, including cancer cells, that carry proteins, DNA, and RNA to other parts of the body. They may help cancer spread and affect the immune system. Researchers are studying exosomes to better understand cancer growth and to develop new ways to diagnose and treat cancer. Patients should ask their care team how exosomes relate to their individual situation.

Expanded Access, also called Compassionate Use, is a way for patients with serious or life-threatening illnesses to receive investigational cancer treatments that are not yet fully approved and who cannot join clinical trials. It offers a possible option when no other approved treatments are available. It may also appear under related names such as Compassionate Use.

Expectant Management, also called Deferred Therapy, means closely watching a patient’s condition without starting treatment right away. This approach involves regular exams and tests to check for changes. It is often used for slow-growing cancers to avoid or delay treatments like surgery or radiation that may cause side effects. It may also appear under related names such as Deferred Therapy.

Experimental (also called investigational) refers to drugs, treatments, or procedures that are still being studied and are not yet standard care. These may be offered through clinical trials or special programs. If you hear this term, it’s important to talk with your healthcare team to understand what it means for your situation and whether such options might be appropriate.

An experimental drug is a medicine tested in the lab and approved by the FDA for human testing but not yet approved for routine use. It may be approved for one disease but still considered experimental for others. These drugs are often available through clinical trials or special programs and are studied to find out if they are safe and effective for cancer treatment.

The Experimental Group, also called the Intervention Group or Investigational Group, is the group of patients in a clinical study who receive the new drug, treatment, or procedure being tested. This term appears in research and treatment discussions. It’s important for patients and caregivers to understand the term in context and ask their care team how it relates to their own care, rather than assuming it means a specific diagnosis or treatment recommendation.

An Explanation of Benefits (EOB) is a document your health insurance company sends after you receive medical care. It shows the date of service, the total cost, how much your insurance paid, and what you may owe. It helps you understand how your insurance handled your medical bills but is not a bill itself.

Exploratory surgery is a type of surgery done to look inside the body when other tests, like imaging or blood tests, have not found the cause of symptoms. It was more common before modern imaging tools existed. Today, it is usually used only when less invasive tests cannot give a clear diagnosis. It is often done in the abdomen and can help find problems like cancer or other conditions.

Art and expressive therapies use creative activities like painting, writing, music, or movement to help people cope with cancer. These therapies support emotional well-being and may reduce stress, anxiety, or symptoms related to treatment. They are offered alongside medical care as a complementary approach to improve quality of life during cancer treatment and recovery.

Extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a type of lung cancer that has spread beyond the original lung to other parts of the body. It often requires treatments like chemotherapy or newer immunotherapy drugs such as Tarlatamab (Imdelltra). If you or a loved one hear this term, it’s important to discuss with your care team what it means for your specific situation and treatment options.

External beam radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses a machine outside the body to aim high-energy radiation beams at the tumor. It treats many types of cancer by targeting only the affected area, helping to shrink tumors or relieve symptoms. Your care team will explain the treatment plan, possible side effects, and how to care for yourself during and after therapy.

External radiation therapy, also called external beam radiation therapy, uses a machine outside the body to aim high-energy radiation beams at cancer. It treats many types of cancer by targeting the tumor while sparing nearby healthy tissue. Your care team will explain the treatment plan, benefits, side effects, and how to care for yourself during and after therapy.

An external right atrial catheter is a thin, flexible tube placed into a large vein near the neck or collarbone and threaded into the right atrium of the heart. It helps deliver fluids, blood transfusions, chemotherapy, and other medicines directly into the bloodstream, and allows blood samples to be taken without repeated needle sticks. It is a type of central venous access device used in cancer care and other medical treatments.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a network of proteins and molecules that surround and support cells in the body. It helps cells stick together, communicate, and carry out important functions like growth and movement. Changes in the ECM can affect how cancer cells grow and spread. If you see ECM mentioned in your care, ask your healthcare team what it means for your situation.

Extracorporeal Photopheresis (also called Photopheresis) is a procedure where blood is taken from the body, treated with a special drug and ultraviolet light, then returned to the body. It is being studied as a treatment for some blood and bone marrow diseases and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Patients should ask their care team how this procedure relates to their specific situation.

Extracranial means outside the bones that surround the brain. In cancer care, extracranial germ cell tumors are growths that start in germ cells (cells that can become sperm or eggs) but form outside the brain. These tumors can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). It’s important to understand this term in context and ask your care team how it applies to your specific situation.

Extracranial germ cell tumors are growths that start in germ cells—cells that can develop into sperm or eggs—but form outside the brain. These tumors can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). They most often occur in children and teenagers and can usually be treated successfully. Common locations include the sacrum (lower spine), tailbone, chest, and abdomen. Understanding the term helps patients and caregivers discuss diagnosis and treatment with their care team.

An extract is a substance made by taking out parts of plants, animals, or other materials, often using solvents like water or alcohol. Extracts are used in medicines, skin care, and sometimes in cancer-related products. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand the specific context of an extract mentioned in care and ask the healthcare team how it relates to individual treatment or health.

Extragonadal means located outside the ovaries or testicles. In cancer care, it often refers to germ cell tumors that develop in other parts of the body, such as the chest, abdomen, or spine. These tumors can be benign or cancerous. Understanding where a tumor is located helps guide treatment and follow-up. If you see this term, ask your care team how it applies to your specific situation.

An extragonadal extracranial germ cell tumor is a rare growth that starts in germ cells—cells that can develop into sperm or eggs—located outside the testicles, ovaries, or brain. These tumors most often form in the lower spine area near the sacrum and tailbone, or in the chest and back of the abdomen. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and usually affect children and young adults.

An extragonadal germ cell tumor is a rare type of tumor that starts in germ cells located outside the ovaries or testicles. Germ cells are the cells that normally develop into sperm or eggs. These tumors can form in places like the brain, chest, abdomen, or near the tailbone. Because they develop outside the usual reproductive organs, their diagnosis and treatment may differ from typical germ cell tumors.

Extrahepatic means located outside the liver. Extrahepatic bile duct cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the bile ducts outside the liver, near where they leave the liver or closer to the small intestine. It includes two main types: perihilar (near the liver exit) and distal (near the small intestine). If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your diagnosis and treatment.

The extrahepatic bile duct is the part of the bile duct system located outside the liver. It carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. Cancers in this area, called extrahepatic bile duct cancers, are more common than those inside the liver and include tumors near where the ducts leave the liver or closer to the small intestine. Understanding this term helps patients discuss diagnosis and treatment with their care team.

Extrahepatic bile duct cancer is a rare cancer that forms in the bile ducts outside the liver. These ducts carry bile, a digestive fluid, from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. This type includes tumors near where the bile ducts leave the liver (perihilar cancer) and those closer to the small intestine (distal cancer). Understanding your specific diagnosis and working closely with your care team is important for managing this condition.

Extramedullary myeloid tumor, also called chloroma, granulocytic sarcoma, or myeloid sarcoma, is a rare cancer made of immature white blood cells called myeloblasts. Unlike many blood cancers that start in the bone marrow or blood, this tumor forms a solid mass outside those areas. It is often linked to acute myeloid leukemia or related blood disorders and can appear anywhere in the body.

Extranodal means that cancer or disease is found outside the lymph nodes, in other parts of the body like the skin, digestive tract, or other organs. It is important to understand this term in context and ask your healthcare team how it applies to your specific situation, rather than assuming it alone defines your diagnosis or treatment.

Extraocular means located outside the eye. In cancer care, this term often describes where a tumor or condition is found relative to the eye itself. Understanding the context of the word is important, as it can relate to symptoms, test results, or treatment plans. Patients should ask their care team how it applies to their specific situation rather than assuming a diagnosis or treatment based on the word alone.

Extraosseous means located outside of the bone. It is often used to describe certain rare cancers, such as extraosseous Ewing tumors, which are part of the Ewing sarcoma family of tumors. These cancers usually affect children and young adults and develop in soft tissues rather than in bone. The term extraskeletal is sometimes used instead of extraosseous.

Extraosseous Ewing Tumor, also called extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma, is a rare cancer that forms in soft tissues outside the bones. It most often affects children and young adults and can appear in areas like the chest, pelvis, thigh, foot, or spine. It belongs to the Ewing sarcoma family of tumors, a group of related cancers that share similar features but may require different treatments.

Extraosseous osteosarcoma is a rare, fast-growing cancer that forms in soft tissues near bones, often in the thigh, shoulder, or trunk. It mostly affects middle-aged or older adults and is uncommon in children. This cancer is made up of bone and cartilage cells and can come back after treatment or spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs. It is also called extraskeletal osteosarcoma.

Extrapleural pneumonectomy is a type of surgery that removes a diseased lung along with parts of nearby tissues, including the diaphragm, the lining of the chest, and the membrane around the heart. It is most often used to treat certain cancers like malignant mesothelioma. This surgery affects breathing capacity, so doctors carefully evaluate each patient before recommending it. Patients and caregivers should always discuss what this surgery means for their specific situation with their care team.

Extrarenal (extracranial) rhabdoid tumor is a rare, fast-growing cancer that forms in soft tissues outside the kidney and brain, such as the liver, heart, or abdomen. It most often affects infants and young children but can also occur in older children and adults. These tumors often involve changes in chromosome 22. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Extraskeletal means located outside of the bone. It is also called extraosseous. This term often appears in the names of certain rare cancers, such as extraskeletal or extraosseous Ewing tumor. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand that extraskeletal describes where a tumor is found, not a diagnosis by itself. Always ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Extraskeletal Ewing Sarcoma, also called extraosseous Ewing tumor, is a rare cancer that forms in soft tissues outside the bones. It most often affects children and young adults and can develop in areas like the chest, pelvis, thigh, foot, or spine. It is part of the Ewing sarcoma family of tumors, a group of related cancers that share similar features but may need different treatments.

Extraskeletal Ewing Tumor, also called extraosseous Ewing tumor or extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma, is a rare cancer that forms in soft tissues outside the bones. It most often affects children and young adults and can appear in areas like the chest, pelvis, thigh, foot, or spine. It belongs to the Ewing sarcoma family of tumors, a group of related cancers with similar features but different treatment needs.

Extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is a rare, fast-growing cancer that forms in cartilage or soft tissues outside the bones. It usually affects young adults and can spread to other parts of the body. Because it is uncommon and complex, it’s important for patients and caregivers to discuss what this diagnosis means for their specific situation with their healthcare team.

Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (EMC) is a rare, slow-growing cancer that forms in soft tissues outside the bones, often in the thigh but sometimes in the knee, buttock, chest, or abdomen. It mainly affects middle-aged or older adults and may return years after treatment. If you see EMC in your medical records, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Extraskeletal osteosarcoma, also called extraosseous osteosarcoma, is a rare and fast-growing cancer that forms in soft tissues near bones. It mostly affects middle-aged or older adults and is uncommon in children. This cancer is made up of bone and cartilage cells and can come back after treatment or spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs.

An extrauterine pregnancy, also called an ectopic pregnancy, happens when a fertilized egg grows outside the uterus, usually in a fallopian tube. It cannot develop into a healthy pregnancy and may cause symptoms like abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. This condition needs prompt medical care to prevent serious complications. It may also appear under related names such as Ectopic Pregnancy.

Extravasation is when blood, lymph, or fluids like chemotherapy drugs leak from a blood vessel into the surrounding tissue. In cancer care, this can happen if certain drugs accidentally escape from a vein, potentially causing tissue damage. It’s important to understand this term in context and ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Extravasation injury happens when certain drugs, especially chemotherapy medicines, leak from a vein into the surrounding tissue. This can cause blistering, pain, and tissue damage, sometimes severe enough to cause tissue death. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it describes a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Extremely dense breast tissue means the breasts are made up almost entirely of dense fibrous and glandular tissue. About 10% of women have this type of breast tissue. It can make it harder to spot tumors on mammograms and is linked to a higher risk of breast cancer. If you see this term, ask your care team what it means for you personally rather than treating it as a diagnosis.

Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (ELF-EMFs) are invisible energy waves produced by electrical sources like power lines, wiring, and household appliances such as hair dryers and electric blankets. These low-energy fields are common in daily life and are not known to cause harmful health effects, including cancer. If you see this term in your care, ask your health team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it indicates a diagnosis or treatment.

An extremity is a limb of the body, such as an arm or a leg. In cancer care, this term helps describe where a tumor is located or where treatment may be focused. It’s important to understand extremity in context and ask your care team how it relates to your specific diagnosis or treatment plan, rather than assuming it means a particular problem or treatment by itself.

Eye cancer is a rare type of cancer that starts in the tissues of or around the eye. It includes different kinds such as melanoma, carcinoma, lymphoma, and retinoblastoma (a childhood eye cancer). Treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer and may involve surgery, radiation, or other therapies. Understanding eye cancer helps patients and caregivers ask informed questions and get personalized care.

The eye socket, also called the orbit, is the bony space in the skull that holds and protects the eye, its muscles, nerves, eyelids, and tear glands. In cancer care, the eye socket may be mentioned when tumors or treatments involve the facial bones or nearby tissues. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers ask the right questions about how it relates to their diagnosis or treatment.

The EZH2 gene makes a protein that helps control other genes and cell division. Changes in this gene can make the protein overactive, which may help cancer cells grow. EZH2 is involved in many cancers and some rare disorders. Understanding EZH2’s role is important in cancer research, but patients should always ask their care team how it relates to their own health.

EZN-2285, also known as Asparlas or calaspargase pegol, is a medicine used with other drugs to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children and young adults up to 21 years old. It contains an enzyme that breaks down asparagine, a nutrient cancer cells need to grow. This drug stays active in the body longer than similar medicines, allowing less frequent dosing.