B Glossary Terms

B cells, also called B lymphocytes, are white blood cells that help protect your body by making antibodies. They develop in the bone marrow and are part of your immune system. Sometimes, B cells can grow abnormally and cause cancers like certain lymphomas. It may also appear under related names such as B Lymphocyte.

B lymphocytes, or B cells, are white blood cells that help protect your body by making antibodies. They develop in the bone marrow and are an important part of your immune system. In cancer care, B cells are important because some blood cancers start in these cells or affect how your immune system works.

Laetril (B-17) is a substance sometimes promoted as an alternative cancer treatment. It comes from compounds found in certain fruit seeds, like apricots. However, it is not approved or recommended by cancer experts because there is no strong scientific evidence that it works or is safe for cancer care. If a record says to see Laetril (B-17), that preferred term should usually be checked as well. It may also appear under related names such as Laetril (B-17), Laetril.

B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (B-ALL) is a fast-growing blood cancer where too many immature B-cell white blood cells build up in the bone marrow and blood. It is the most common type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and requires prompt medical care to manage symptoms and treatment. It may also appear under related names such as B-Cell Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia, Precursor B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

B-Cell Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (B-ALL) is a fast-growing blood cancer where too many immature B-cell white blood cells build up in the bone marrow and blood. It is the most common type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and affects how the body makes healthy blood cells. Prompt medical care is important to manage symptoms and treatment.

B-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma 2 Protein, or BCL2, is a protein that helps control whether cells live or die by blocking a natural process called apoptosis. Changes in the BCL2 gene, found on chromosome 18, are common in certain blood cancers like B-cell leukemias and lymphomas. These changes can cause cancer cells to survive longer than they should.

B-cell lymphoma is a cancer that starts in B cells, a type of white blood cell important for the immune system. These cancers can grow slowly or quickly. Most B-cell lymphomas are part of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and include types like Burkitt lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and follicular lymphoma.

B3 monoclonal antibody is a lab-made protein designed to attach to a molecule called Lewis Y antigen, found on many cancer cells and some normal cells. It is being studied as a targeted treatment to help the immune system focus on cancer cells that carry this antigen. This therapy is still experimental and may be offered in clinical trials for certain cancers.

B43-PAP Immunotoxin is a type of targeted cancer treatment that links a toxic substance to an antibody designed to attach to cancer cells. This approach aims to kill tumor cells while limiting harm to healthy cells. It is being studied or used in certain cancers and may be part of clinical trials or specialized treatment plans.

B7-1, also called CD80, is a protein found on the surface of certain immune cells like B cells and monocytes. It helps these cells communicate with T cells, which are important for controlling the body’s immune response. Understanding B7-1 can help explain how the immune system interacts with cancer and some treatments.

Bach Flowers or Bach Flower Therapy is an alternative approach using flower essences developed in the 1930s. Some people use it to help with emotional feelings like fear, stress, or sadness during illness. However, there is no scientific evidence that it treats cancer or its symptoms. It may be used alongside standard cancer care but should never replace proven treatments.

Bach Flowers are flower-based remedies made from diluted flower extracts, used to help with emotional feelings like fear, grief, or stress during illness. Many people try them as a gentle way to cope with difficult emotions after a cancer diagnosis. However, they are not medical treatments for cancer and have not been proven to affect cancer itself or its symptoms.

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a weakened bacterium used as a treatment to help the immune system fight bladder cancer. It is placed directly into the bladder to stimulate the body's defenses to attack cancer cells. BCG is also used as a vaccine to prevent tuberculosis but in cancer care, it mainly refers to this immune-boosting bladder treatment.

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) solution is a treatment for early-stage bladder cancer. It uses a weakened form of bacteria placed directly into the bladder through a catheter. The solution stays in the bladder for about two hours to help the immune system fight cancer cells without causing illness. It may also appear under related names such as BCG Solution.

The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is a shot made from a weakened bacterium related to tuberculosis (TB). It helps prevent TB in people at high risk or in areas where TB is common. In the U.S., it is rarely given. Researchers are also studying BCG to help the immune system fight certain cancers, like melanoma.

The backbone, also called the spine or spinal column, is made of bones, muscles, and tissues running from the base of the skull to the tailbone. It protects the spinal cord and supports your body, helping you stand and move. Problems with the backbone can cause pain or affect movement, especially if cancer or its treatments involve this area.

Baclofen is a medicine that helps relax muscles by blocking nerve signals in the spinal cord. It is often used to treat muscle spasms caused by conditions like multiple sclerosis or spinal cord injury. Baclofen is also known by brand names such as Kemstro and Lioresal. Researchers are studying baclofen as a possible treatment for liver cancer, but it is not yet a standard cancer therapy.

Baclofen/Amitriptyline/Ketamine Gel, also called BAK gel, is a medicine being studied to help treat nerve pain and other symptoms caused by chemotherapy. It contains three drugs that work together to relax muscles and block nerve signals. The gel is applied directly to the skin where symptoms like pain, numbness, or tingling occur, usually in the hands or feet.

Bacteria are tiny, single-celled organisms found almost everywhere, including inside the human body. While many bacteria are harmless or helpful, some can cause infections. In cancer care, bacterial infections are important because they can affect treatment and recovery, especially when the immune system is weakened. Understanding bacteria helps patients recognize symptoms and know when to seek medical care.

A bacterial toxin is a harmful substance made by bacteria that can cause illness. In cancer care, these toxins can sometimes be attached to special antibodies to target and kill cancer cells while sparing healthy cells. Knowing about bacterial toxins can help patients and caregivers understand treatment options and safety information.

The BAER test, also called the ABR test, is a painless hearing test that checks how your brain and hearing nerves respond to sounds. Small electrodes are placed on your head while you hear clicking sounds or tones. It helps detect hearing loss caused by nerve damage, injury, or tumors affecting hearing nerves, and is often used in cancer care to monitor hearing health.

BAK Gel is a topical medicine being studied to help ease nerve pain and other symptoms caused by chemotherapy. It contains three drugs—baclofen, amitriptyline, and ketamine—that work together to relax muscles and block nerve signals. The gel is applied directly to the skin where symptoms like pain, numbness, or tingling occur, often in the hands or feet.

Sodium Bicarbonate, commonly known as baking soda, is sometimes mentioned as a cancer therapy based on ideas about body acidity. However, there is no strong scientific evidence that it can treat or cure cancer. While safe in small amounts for household or cosmetic use, it should never replace standard cancer treatments like chemotherapy or radiation.

Balloon angioplasty is a medical procedure that opens blood vessels narrowed or blocked by plaque, which is a buildup of fat and cholesterol. A small balloon is inserted into the vessel and inflated to widen it, improving blood flow. It is sometimes used in cancer care if tumors or treatments cause blood vessel narrowing or blockage.

Balloon catheter radiation, also called MammoSite, is a type of internal radiation therapy used after breast cancer surgery. A small balloon on a thin tube is placed in the space left by tumor removal. Radioactive material is temporarily placed inside the balloon to deliver radiation directly to the area where the cancer was, helping protect healthy breast tissue.

Balversa (erdafitinib) is a targeted cancer medicine used to treat adults with urothelial cancer, a type of bladder or urinary tract cancer, that has spread and has a specific gene change called FGFR3. It is usually prescribed when the cancer has worsened after at least one prior systemic treatment. Balversa works by blocking a protein that helps cancer cells grow.

The Banerji Protocol is a system of homeopathic remedies developed by physicians in India to treat cancer and other illnesses. Some of its remedies share ingredients studied in modern cancer vaccine research involving nanoparticles. Patients should discuss with their care team how this protocol might relate to their individual treatment, rather than seeing it as a standard cancer therapy.

Bankruptcy is a legal process for people or businesses who cannot pay back their debts. It is handled by a U.S. federal court and can help reduce or eliminate debt through repayment plans. Events like illness or job loss can lead to bankruptcy, which may affect future borrowing and credit.

The BAP1 gene makes a protein that helps control how cells grow, divide, and die. It also helps repair damaged DNA and regulate other genes. Changes in this gene can increase the risk of certain cancers, including skin, eye, kidney, bile duct cancers, and mesothelioma. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

BAP1 Tumor Predisposition Syndrome is a rare inherited condition caused by changes in the BAP1 gene. People with this syndrome have a higher chance of developing certain cancers, including tumors of the skin, eye, kidney, and the lining of the chest and abdomen. These cancers often appear at a younger age and may grow quickly. Not everyone with the gene change will develop tumors.

Barbiturates are medicines that slow down brain activity and belong to a group called central nervous system depressants. They may be used to help with sleep problems, seizures, anxiety, or to relax patients before surgery. In cancer care, barbiturates can support symptom management or preparation for procedures but do not treat cancer itself.

Bariatric surgery, also called weight loss surgery, is an operation that helps people with obesity lose weight by changing the digestive system. It often makes the stomach smaller or changes how food is absorbed. This surgery can improve health problems linked to obesity and may lower the risk of some cancers, including endometrial cancer.

A barium enema is a medical test where a liquid containing barium sulfate is gently inserted into the rectum and colon through the anus. This helps doctors take clear X-ray images of the lower digestive tract to check for problems like blockages, polyps, or abnormal growths. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Barium solution is a chalky liquid containing barium sulfate that helps doctors see the digestive system on X-rays. Patients drink or receive it to coat the esophagus, stomach, or intestines, making these organs easier to view. It is often used to detect tumors, blockages, or other changes related to cancer or digestive problems during imaging tests.

Barium sulfate is a white, metallic substance used in special X-ray tests to help doctors see the digestive system. Mixed with water, it is swallowed or given as an enema to coat the esophagus, stomach, or intestines. This coating makes these organs visible on X-rays, helping detect problems like tumors or blockages that may affect cancer diagnosis or treatment.

A Barium Swallow is an X-ray test that takes pictures of the upper digestive tract, including the throat, esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine. You drink a chalky liquid containing barium, which coats these areas to make them visible on X-rays. This test helps doctors find problems like difficulty swallowing, pain, or blockages and is often used in cancer care to check for abnormalities.

Barium-meal photofluorography is an X-ray test that helps doctors see the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine. After drinking a liquid containing barium, which coats the inside of these organs, X-ray images are taken as a short moving film. This test shows the shape and movement of these digestive organs with less radiation than some other X-rays. It can help find problems like blockages or tumors.

Barrett esophagus is a condition where the normal cells lining the lower esophagus change into abnormal cells due to repeated irritation from stomach acid reflux. This change raises the risk of developing esophageal cancer, so doctors often monitor it closely. It does not mean cancer is present but signals the need for careful follow-up.

A barrier is something that blocks or limits movement or access. In health, barriers include physical protections like the skin and mucous membranes that help keep germs out. In cancer care, barriers also refer to challenges patients may face in treatment or recovery, such as side effects that affect the skin or immune system, or obstacles to getting care.

Basal cells are small, round cells found in the lowest layer of the skin’s outer layer (epidermis). They help produce new skin cells. Sometimes, these cells grow uncontrollably and cause basal cell carcinoma, the most common type of skin cancer. This cancer usually appears on sun-exposed areas like the face, neck, and hands and tends to grow slowly without spreading to other parts of the body.

Basal cell cancer, also called basal cell carcinoma, is the most common type of skin cancer. It starts in the lowest layer of the skin’s outer layer and usually looks like a small, slow-growing bump that may be white, flesh-colored, or pink. It often appears on sun-exposed areas like the face, neck, or hands. Basal cell cancer rarely spreads to other parts of the body but should be checked and treated early.

Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer. It starts in the lowest layer of the skin’s outer layer and usually looks like a small, slow-growing bump that may be white, flesh-colored, or pink. It often appears on sun-exposed areas like the face, neck, or hands. This cancer rarely spreads but should be checked and treated early to prevent skin damage.

Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome (also called Gorlin Syndrome or BCNS) is a rare inherited condition that raises the risk of developing basal cell skin cancer, often starting in the teenage years or early adulthood. It can also cause other cancers, non-cancerous tumors, and physical changes like unusual facial features and small skin pits on the hands and feet.

A base is a chemical substance that can accept hydrogen ions in water and neutralize acids. Bases often feel slippery or soapy on the skin and can change the color of certain dyes. They are measured on the pH scale, where values above 7 indicate increasing basicity. Sodium hydroxide is a common example of a base. In cancer care, the term may appear when discussing the chemical nature of treatments or substances interacting with the body.

A base pair is a pair of molecules called nucleotides that connect the two strands of DNA, like rungs on a ladder. DNA has four types of bases—adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)—which pair specifically (A with T, and C with G) to help hold the DNA structure together.

Baseline is the first measurement taken of a health condition, like tumor size or blood test results, before treatment starts. It serves as a starting point to compare later tests, helping doctors and patients see if treatment is working or if the condition has changed over time. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Basicity is a chemistry term that describes how much a substance acts as a base, meaning it can accept hydrogen ions and neutralize acids. It is measured on the pH scale, where 7 is neutral, values above 7 show increasing basicity, and values below 7 indicate acidity. Understanding basicity helps explain how substances interact in the body and with treatments.

A basket trial is a type of clinical study that tests a new treatment in patients with different kinds of cancer that share the same genetic change or marker. Everyone in the trial receives the same treatment aimed at that specific mutation, regardless of the cancer’s original location in the body. This approach can help speed up drug testing and may be especially useful for rare cancers.

A basophil is a type of white blood cell that helps the immune system respond to allergies and inflammation. It contains small granules that release chemicals like histamine during allergic reactions or asthma. Basophils may be mentioned in blood tests to help understand immune activity but do not diagnose cancer by themselves.

Batimastat is an anticancer drug that works by blocking enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases. These enzymes help tumors grow new blood vessels, so batimastat may slow cancer growth by stopping this process. It is studied as an angiogenesis inhibitor but is not commonly used in standard cancer treatment today. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Batracylin is an experimental drug being studied as a possible cancer treatment. It may work by damaging the DNA of cancer cells to stop their growth. Currently, it is not a standard treatment and is mainly available through clinical trials where its safety and effectiveness are being tested. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Bavencio, also called avelumab, is a medicine that helps the immune system fight certain advanced cancers. It works by blocking a protein called PD-L1, which some cancer cells use to hide from immune cells. Bavencio is used to treat advanced kidney cancer, bladder cancer, and a rare skin cancer called Merkel cell carcinoma. It may be given alone or with other treatments.

Bavituximab, also called Tarvacin, is an experimental targeted therapy being studied to treat some cancers and viral infections. It works by attaching to specific substances on tumor cells and virus-infected cells, helping the immune system recognize and possibly destroy these harmful cells. It is not yet a standard treatment but may be available through clinical trials.

BAY 43-9006, also called Nexavar or sorafenib tosylate, is a targeted cancer medicine used to treat certain liver, kidney, and thyroid cancers. It works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow and by stopping tumors from making new blood vessels they need to survive. It is taken as a pill and is also being studied for other cancers.

BAY 56-3722 is an experimental cancer drug being studied in clinical trials. It belongs to a group called camptothecins, which work by blocking enzymes cancer cells need to grow and multiply. It is not yet approved for routine treatment and is mainly available through research studies. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

BAY 59-8862 is an experimental drug being studied for cancer treatment. It belongs to a group called taxanes, which work by disrupting how cancer cells grow and divide. Currently, BAY 59-8862 is only available through clinical trials and is not yet a standard treatment. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Bazex-Dupré-Christol Syndrome (BDCS) is a very rare inherited condition that affects hair growth and skin. People with BDCS often have little or no hair in certain areas, changes in hair texture and color, and small white bumps on the skin. It usually appears at birth or in infancy and increases the risk of early basal cell skin cancer, especially on the face.

BB-10901, also called lorvotuzumab mertansine, is an experimental cancer treatment studied mainly for certain childhood and soft tissue cancers. It combines a targeted antibody that attaches to cancer cells with a chemotherapy drug to help kill those cells more precisely. This treatment is still being tested in clinical trials and is not yet approved for routine use.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a protective layer of tightly packed cells in brain blood vessels. It helps keep harmful substances like bacteria out of the brain while allowing essential items such as water, oxygen, and some medicines to pass through. This barrier is important for brain health but can also make it harder for some cancer treatments to reach brain tumors.

Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption (BBBD) is a medical technique that uses drugs to temporarily open the brain’s protective barrier. This barrier normally blocks harmful substances but can also prevent cancer medicines from reaching brain tumors. By opening it briefly, doctors can deliver treatments directly to the brain to better target tumors.

Borderline breast disease (BBD) refers to changes in breast tissue that are not cancer but may increase the risk of developing breast cancer in the future. These changes include conditions like atypical ductal hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma in situ. If you have BBD, your healthcare team may suggest closer monitoring to watch for any signs of breast cancer.

BBIC, or Bowman-Birk Inhibitor Concentrate, is a natural substance made from soybeans that is being studied for its potential to help prevent cancer. It works by blocking enzymes that cancer cells need to grow. BBIC is not yet an approved treatment but is being researched in clinical trials focused on cancer prevention.

BBR 2778, also called pixantrone, is a drug being studied to treat cancer. It belongs to a group of medicines called antitumor antibiotics that work by interfering with cancer cell growth. Pixantrone is not yet a standard treatment but is being tested in clinical trials to learn about its safety and effectiveness.

BBR 3464 is an experimental platinum-based drug studied for cancer treatment. It works by damaging cancer cells’ DNA to stop their growth. Currently, it is being tested in clinical trials and is not yet a standard treatment option. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) is a weakened bacterium used as a treatment for early-stage bladder cancer. It is placed directly into the bladder through a catheter to help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. BCG does not cause disease and is also used as a vaccine to prevent tuberculosis, but its role in cancer care is focused on stimulating the immune response inside the bladder.

BCG solution is a treatment for early-stage bladder cancer made from a weakened bacterium called Mycobacterium bovis. It is placed directly into the bladder through a catheter and held there for about two hours. This therapy helps the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells in the bladder lining, often after surgery to reduce the chance of cancer returning.

The BCG vaccine is a shot made from a weakened bacterium related to tuberculosis (TB). It helps prevent TB in people at high risk or in places where TB is common. In the U.S., it’s rarely given. Researchers are also studying BCG to help the immune system fight some cancers, like melanoma and bladder cancer.

Bcl-2 Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotide G3139 is an experimental cancer treatment studied for its ability to block a protein called Bcl-2 that helps cancer cells survive longer. By targeting this protein, it may make cancer cells more sensitive to chemotherapy. It is also known as augmerosen, Genasense, or oblimersen sodium. It may also appear under related names such as Augmerosen, Genasense, And Oblimersen Sodium.

BCL2 is a protein inside cells that helps control whether they live or die by blocking a natural process called apoptosis, or programmed cell death. Changes in the BCL2 gene, found on chromosome 18, are common in certain blood cancers like B-cell leukemias and lymphomas. These changes can cause cancer cells to survive longer than they should, affecting how the cancer behaves and responds to treatment.

Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome (BCNS), also called Gorlin syndrome, is a rare inherited condition that raises the risk of developing basal cell skin cancer early in life. It can also cause other cancers, non-cancerous tumors, and physical changes like unusual facial features and small pits in the skin on the hands and feet. BCNS is caused by a gene mutation affecting many parts of the body.

BCNU, also called carmustine or BiCNU, is a chemotherapy drug used to treat certain brain tumors, Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and multiple myeloma (with prednisone). It works by damaging cancer cells’ DNA to help stop their growth or kill them. BCNU may be given alone or with other medicines and is being studied for other cancers.

A BCOP, or Board Certified Oncology Pharmacy Specialist, is a licensed pharmacist with special training in cancer drug treatments like chemotherapy. They help design, give, monitor, and adjust cancer medicines to keep treatment safe and effective. BCOPs work closely with your cancer care team to support your medication needs during treatment.

The BCR-ABL1 fusion gene forms when parts of chromosomes 9 and 22 swap places, joining two genes into one. This change creates the Philadelphia chromosome and is often found in certain blood cancers like chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). It helps doctors confirm diagnosis and guide treatment decisions for these leukemias.

The BCR-ABL1 fusion protein is an abnormal protein made when parts of two genes, BCR and ABL1, join together inside certain blood cells. It is found in most people with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and some with other types of leukemia. This protein helps leukemia cells grow and is important for diagnosis and treatment decisions.

The BCR::ABL1 fusion gene forms when parts of chromosomes 9 and 22 swap places, joining the ABL1 gene to the BCR gene. This creates the Philadelphia chromosome, often found in certain blood cancers like chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and some acute leukemias. Detecting this gene helps doctors diagnose these cancers and guide treatment choices.

The BCR::ABL1 fusion protein is an abnormal protein made when parts of two genes, BCR and ABL1, join together inside certain blood cells. It is found in most people with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and some with other leukemias. This protein helps leukemia cells grow and is important for diagnosis and treatment decisions.

BCRP, or Breast Cancer Resistance Protein, is a protein found in many normal tissues like the intestine, liver, brain, and placenta. It helps move substances, including drugs, in and out of cells. Some cancer cells have higher levels of BCRP, which can make them resistant to certain anticancer drugs, meaning those drugs might not work as well.

BCX-1777, also called forodesine hydrochloride, is an experimental drug being studied to treat certain blood cancers like leukemia and lymphoma. It works by blocking an enzyme that cancer cells need to grow. While not yet a standard treatment, it is being tested in clinical trials to learn if it is safe and effective.

Bellini Duct Carcinoma (BDC) is a rare and aggressive kidney cancer that starts in the small tubes called ducts of Bellini, which help carry urine. Because it tends to grow and spread quickly, timely diagnosis and specialized care are important. Patients may hear this term when discussing biopsy results or treatment plans.

Bazex-Dupré-Christol Syndrome (BDCS) is a very rare inherited condition that affects hair growth and skin. It causes little or no hair in certain areas, changes in hair texture and color, and small white bumps on the skin. BDCS usually appears at birth or in infancy and raises the risk of early basal cell skin cancer, especially on the face.

BEACOPP is a chemotherapy treatment that combines seven drugs to fight advanced Hodgkin lymphoma, a cancer of the lymphatic system. This combination uses different medicines together to attack cancer cells in multiple ways. It is sometimes called the BEACOPP regimen and is often recommended when stronger treatment is needed to control the disease.

BEACOPP is a chemotherapy treatment that combines seven drugs to fight advanced Hodgkin lymphoma, a cancer of the lymphatic system. This combination uses different medicines together to attack cancer cells in multiple ways. It is often recommended when stronger treatment is needed to control the disease. It may also appear under related names such as BEACOPP.

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is a rare condition present at birth that causes babies to be larger than usual and may lead to low blood sugar. Common features include a large tongue, bigger internal organs, and a belly wall defect near the navel. This syndrome increases the chance of developing certain childhood cancers, especially Wilms tumor, a type of kidney cancer.

Beclin 1 is a protein that helps cells clean up and recycle damaged parts through a process called autophagy. It acts as a natural protector by removing harmful materials inside cells. In some cancers, Beclin 1 levels are lower than normal, which may affect how cancer cells grow and survive.

Beclomethasone is a corticosteroid drug being studied to help treat graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a condition that can happen after stem cell or bone marrow transplants. It works by reducing inflammation and calming the immune system. While not yet a standard treatment, researchers are exploring its potential to manage GVHD symptoms and improve patient outcomes.

A bedsore, also called a pressure sore or decubitus ulcer, is an area of skin damage caused by constant pressure that reduces blood flow. It often develops on bony parts of the body like the back, hips, heels, or elbows. People who spend long periods in bed or use a wheelchair are more likely to get bedsores. Early signs include skin color changes, swelling, and tenderness. If untreated, bedsores can worsen and cause deep tissue damage.

Bee pollen is a natural mix collected by honeybees from flowers, combining pollen, nectar, and bee enzymes. It is often used as a nutrient-rich supplement in alternative and integrative cancer care for its antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties. However, there is limited evidence that it directly benefits cancer treatment, and it may cause allergic reactions or contamination risks.

Bee venom therapy uses bee stings or purified venom products to explore possible effects on cancer cells. Research focuses on venom compounds like melittin, which laboratory studies suggest may target cancer cells while sparing healthy ones. Although promising in early studies, bee venom is not a standard cancer treatment and is still being studied for safety and effectiveness.

Behavior modification is a way to help people change how they react to things that cause unpleasant feelings or physical reactions. In cancer care, it can help patients manage side effects like nausea triggered by the treatment environment, by teaching new responses to those triggers. It supports comfort and coping during treatment but is not a cure for cancer itself.

Behçet disease is a rare condition that causes inflammation of blood vessels throughout the body. It can cause painful sores in the mouth and genitals, skin rashes, eye inflammation, joint pain and swelling, and more serious problems like blood clots or inflammation in the brain and digestive system. Symptoms often come and go, and the cause is unknown. It mainly affects young adults and is also called Behçet syndrome.

Behçet syndrome is a rare condition that causes inflammation of blood vessels throughout the body. It can lead to painful sores in the mouth and genitals, skin rashes, eye inflammation, joint pain, and more serious problems like blood clots or inflammation in the brain or digestive system. Symptoms often come and go, and it most commonly affects young adults. The cause is unknown.

Belching, also called burping or eructation, is when air or gas is released from the stomach or esophagus through the mouth. It often happens when swallowed air builds up, such as from eating or drinking too fast, talking while eating, drinking fizzy drinks, chewing gum, or smoking. It can also be linked to some medicines or digestive conditions.

Beleodaq (also called belinostat) is a medicine used to treat adults with peripheral T-cell lymphoma, a rare type of blood cancer, especially when other treatments have not worked or the cancer has returned. It works by blocking enzymes that help cancer cells grow and may also stop tumors from growing new blood vessels. Researchers are studying Beleodaq for other cancers as well.

Belinostat (also called Beleodaq or PXD101) is a medicine used to treat adults with peripheral T-cell lymphoma, a rare blood cancer, especially when other treatments have not worked or the cancer has returned. It works by blocking enzymes that cancer cells need to grow and divide. Researchers are also studying belinostat for other types of cancer.

Beljanski Extracts refer to a group of natural plant-based products linked to Mirko Beljanski, including Pao Pereira and Rauwolfia vomitoria. These extracts are promoted in some integrative cancer circles for their potential to support cancer treatment, but they are not part of standard medical care. Scientific evidence for their safety and effectiveness in humans remains limited and unproven.

The Beljanski Protocol, also called Beljanski Extracts, is a system of natural plant-based products promoted in some integrative cancer care settings. It includes extracts from plants like Pao Pereira and Rauwolfia vomitoria, along with RNA fragments, ginkgo, and green tea blends. While these products are suggested to support cancer treatment, there is limited scientific evidence from human studies, and they are not part of standard cancer care.

The Beljanski Protocol, also called Beljanski Extracts, is a group of natural plant-based products including Pao Pereira, Rauwolfia vomitoria, RNA fragments, ginkgo, and green tea blends. These are promoted by some as supportive in cancer care but are not part of standard medical treatment. Scientific evidence for their safety and effectiveness in people is limited and unproven.

RNA Fragments, sometimes called Beljanski RNA Fragments, are small RNA molecules promoted within the Beljanski Protocol for supporting bone marrow, white blood cells, and platelets during chemotherapy. These products are part of a group of natural extracts suggested to help with immune recovery, but their safety and effectiveness in cancer treatment are not established by mainstream medical research.

Bellini Duct Carcinoma (BDC) is a rare and aggressive kidney cancer that starts in the small tubes called ducts of Bellini. It tends to grow and spread quickly, so early diagnosis and specialized care are important. Because it is uncommon, patients may need treatment from doctors experienced with this type of cancer.

Belotecan hydrochloride is a drug being studied to treat small cell lung cancer and other cancers. It works by blocking enzymes that cancer cells need to divide and repair their DNA, which may help kill the cancer cells. It belongs to a group of drugs called camptothecin analogs and topoisomerase inhibitors.

Belrapzo is a chemotherapy drug used to treat certain blood cancers, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and some types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). It works by damaging the DNA inside cancer cells, which may help stop their growth and lead to cell death. Belrapzo is also known as bendamustine hydrochloride, Bendeka, and Treanda.

Belzutifan (brand name Welireg) is a targeted medicine used to treat certain advanced kidney cancers and tumors linked to von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease. It works by blocking a protein that tumors need to grow and form new blood vessels. Belzutifan is taken by mouth and is used when surgery is not needed right away. It is also being studied for other cancers.

Bence Jones protein is a small protein made by plasma cells, a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. It is often found in the urine of people with multiple myeloma, a cancer that starts in plasma cells. Detecting this protein helps doctors diagnose and monitor this disease. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Bench-to-bedside describes the process of turning laboratory research into new treatments for patients. It shows how discoveries made in the lab can lead to better care options, especially in cancer treatment. This term helps patients understand how scientific findings move from experiments to real-world medical use. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Bendamustine hydrochloride is a chemotherapy drug used to treat certain blood cancers, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and some types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). It works by damaging cancer cells’ DNA, which may help stop their growth and lead to cell death. It is also known by brand names such as Belrapzo, Bendeka, and Treanda.

Bendeka is a chemotherapy drug used to treat certain blood cancers, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and some types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). It works by damaging cancer cells’ DNA to help stop their growth and may lead to cell death. Bendeka is also known as Belrapzo, bendamustine hydrochloride, and Treanda.

Benign means not cancer. Benign tumors are abnormal growths that usually stay in one place and do not spread to other parts of the body. They often grow slowly and may not cause serious problems. Unlike cancerous tumors, benign tumors typically do not invade nearby tissues or spread to distant organs, but they can sometimes cause symptoms if they press on important body parts.

Benign breast disease is a group of non-cancerous conditions that cause changes in breast tissue, such as lumps, cysts, or abnormal cell growth. Symptoms may include breast lumps, swelling, pain, skin changes, or nipple discharge. Most benign breast diseases do not increase the risk of breast cancer, but any breast changes should be checked by a healthcare provider.

Benign Proliferative Breast Disease is a group of noncancerous breast conditions where certain breast cells grow more than usual. These changes are not cancer but may slightly increase the risk of developing breast cancer later. Common examples include ductal hyperplasia, lobular hyperplasia, and papillomas. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), also called enlarged prostate, is a common, non-cancerous growth of the prostate gland in older men. It can press on the bladder and urethra, causing urinary symptoms like frequent or urgent urination, weak urine flow, or waking at night to urinate. BPH does not increase the risk of prostate cancer but may need treatment if symptoms affect daily life.

Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), also called benign prostatic hyperplasia or enlarged prostate, is a common, noncancerous growth of the prostate gland in older men. This growth can press on the bladder and urethra, causing urinary symptoms like frequent or urgent need to urinate, weak urine flow, or waking at night to urinate. BPH does not increase the risk of prostate cancer but may need treatment if symptoms affect daily life.

A benign tumor is a noncancerous growth made of extra cells that stay in one place and do not spread to other parts of the body. While usually not dangerous, benign tumors can cause problems if they press on important organs. Treatment often involves surgery, and these tumors usually do not return after removal.

A benign vascular tumor is a noncancerous growth made from cells that form blood or lymph vessels. These tumors can appear anywhere in the body and sometimes grow large or affect nearby tissues. The most common type is a hemangioma, often seen in infants and usually goes away on its own without treatment.

Benzaldehyde is a natural chemical found in almond and peach pit oils. It is used to add flavor and scent to foods, perfumes, dyes, and some medicines. While it may appear in cancer-related discussions, benzaldehyde itself is not a cancer treatment or cause of cancer. If you see this term in your care, it usually relates to product ingredients or research, not your diagnosis or treatment.

Benzene is a chemical found in gasoline, tobacco smoke, and vehicle exhaust. Breathing in benzene over time may increase the risk of certain blood cancers like leukemia. Avoiding smoking and limiting exposure to fumes can help reduce your risk. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Benzo(a)pyrene is a chemical formed when materials like wood, tobacco, or fuels don’t burn completely. It’s found in car exhaust, smoke, grilled foods, and some oils. Exposure can cause skin irritation and may increase cancer risk. It belongs to a group called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and can also be present in soil and water.

Benzodiazepines are medicines that help ease anxiety, improve sleep, relax muscles, and prevent seizures. They work by calming brain activity through a natural chemical called GABA. In cancer care, these medicines may be used to manage symptoms like anxiety or trouble sleeping, but they do not treat cancer itself. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Benzoquinones are natural chemical compounds found in the defensive secretions of certain beetles, including Ulomoides dermestoides (sometimes called Cancer Beetles). They belong to a family called quinones, which play roles in biological processes. While benzoquinones themselves are not used in standard cancer treatments, patients may encounter the term in research or alternative medicine discussions.

Benzoylphenylurea (BPU) is a substance being studied as a possible cancer treatment. It belongs to a group of drugs called antitubulin agents, which work by affecting cell structures important for cancer cell growth. Research is ongoing to understand its safety and effectiveness in cancer care. BPU is not yet a standard treatment and may be mentioned in clinical trials or experimental therapy discussions.

Benzydamine is a medicine being studied as a mouth rinse to help relieve painful mouth sores called oral mucositis, which can happen during cancer treatment. It is a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that may reduce inflammation and pain in the mouth caused by chemotherapy or radiation therapy. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

BEP is a chemotherapy treatment combining three drugs—bleomycin, etoposide phosphate, and cisplatin—mainly used to treat certain ovarian and testicular germ cell tumors. This combination attacks cancer cells in different ways to improve treatment effectiveness. Patients may hear about BEP during treatment discussions or see it in medical reports. It may also appear under related names such as BEP Regimen.

The BEP regimen is a chemotherapy treatment that combines three drugs—bleomycin, etoposide phosphate, and cisplatin—to treat certain ovarian and testicular germ cell tumors. This combination attacks cancer cells in different ways to improve the chances of effective treatment. Patients may hear about BEP during treatment discussions or see it in medical records.

Berberine is a natural yellow compound found in plants like barberry and goldenseal. It is studied for effects on metabolism, inflammation, and gut health. Research suggests it may help reduce the return of certain colon growths called colorectal adenomas, but its role in treating cancer is still mostly experimental and not proven in people.

Bereavement is the period of sadness and mourning that follows the death of someone close. It involves emotional and physical reactions as people adjust to life without their loved one. Bereavement is a natural part of coping with loss and can affect each person differently. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Bergamot is a citrus fruit tree mainly grown in Italy. Its peel produces an essential oil used in perfumes, to repel insects, and to flavor teas like Earl Grey. Bergamot oil is also used in aromatherapy to help with feelings of depression, anxiety, and digestive issues. It is not a cancer treatment but may be mentioned as part of supportive care or complementary therapies.

Besponsa (inotuzumab ozogamicin) is a targeted medicine used to treat adults and children aged 1 year and older with a type of blood cancer called B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) that has the protein CD22. It is usually given when the leukemia has returned or did not improve with other treatments. Besponsa works by delivering chemotherapy directly to cancer cells to help kill them.

Besremi, also known as ropeginterferon alfa-2b, is a medicine used to treat adults with polycythemia vera, a blood disorder where the bone marrow makes too many red blood cells. It is a lab-made form of interferon that helps lower red blood cell production and is given by injection. Besremi is also being studied for other diseases and some cancers.

Best Practice, also called standard medical care or standard therapy, means treatments that most doctors agree are appropriate and commonly use for a specific disease. Knowing about Best Practice helps patients understand that their cancer care follows expert-approved methods designed to offer effective treatment based on current knowledge. It may also appear under related names such as Standard Medical Care, Standard Of Care, And Standard Therapy.

Beta Alethine is a chemical substance being studied for its possible use in cancer treatment. It belongs to a group of compounds called disulfides. While research is ongoing, Beta Alethine is not yet an approved or standard cancer therapy. Patients may hear about it in the context of clinical trials or new research.

Beta carotene is a natural pigment found in yellow, orange, and dark green leafy vegetables. The body can convert it into vitamin A, which supports vision and immune health. Beta carotene also acts as an antioxidant, helping protect cells from damage. It is being studied for its possible role in cancer prevention, but supplements are not proven treatments and may carry risks, especially for smokers.

A beta cell neoplasm is an unusual growth in the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. These growths are usually benign (not cancer) but often cause too much insulin to be released, which can lead to low blood sugar. This condition is also called insulinoma or beta cell tumor of the pancreas.

A beta cell tumor of the pancreas is an uncommon growth in the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. These tumors are usually benign, meaning they are not cancer. They often cause symptoms by making too much insulin, which can lead to low blood sugar. Other names for this tumor include insulinoma and beta cell neoplasm.

Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus Group B, often called Group B Strep or GBS, is a common type of bacteria found in the vagina and sometimes the intestines. Usually harmless in healthy people, it can cause serious infections in those with weakened immune systems, such as some cancer patients. Knowing about this bacterium helps patients and caregivers understand infection risks during cancer treatment.

Beta-2-microglobulin is a small protein found on many cells and normally present in small amounts in blood and urine. Higher levels may be a sign of certain diseases, including some cancers like multiple myeloma or lymphoma. Doctors may check its levels to help understand disease activity or treatment response. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Beta-adrenergic antagonists, also called beta-blockers, are medicines that help relax and widen blood vessels by blocking substances like adrenaline. This lowers blood pressure and heart rate. They are commonly used to treat heart-related conditions such as high blood pressure, chest pain, irregular heartbeats, and heart failure. Sometimes, they may also help shrink certain blood vessel tumors.

Beta-adrenergic blocking agents, also called beta-blockers, are medicines that help relax and widen blood vessels by blocking substances like adrenaline. This lowers blood pressure and heart rate. They are often used to treat heart conditions such as high blood pressure, chest pain, and irregular heartbeats. Sometimes, they may also help shrink certain blood vessel tumors.

Beta-blockers are medicines that lower blood pressure and heart rate by blocking the effects of adrenaline. They relax and widen blood vessels, helping blood flow more easily. Doctors often prescribe them for heart conditions like high blood pressure, chest pain, irregular heartbeats, and heart failure. Sometimes, beta-blockers may also help shrink certain blood vessel tumors called hemangiomas.

Beta-endorphin is a natural chemical made in the brain, especially in the pituitary gland, that helps reduce pain. It is released during pain, exercise, or stress and acts like the body’s own pain reliever. While it is not a medicine, understanding beta-endorphin can help explain how the body manages pain and stress, which is important in cancer care.

Beta-glucan is a natural substance found in foods like baker’s yeast, cereal grains, and mushrooms. Made of sugar molecules linked together, it may help stimulate the immune system. Researchers are studying beta-glucan to see if it can support cancer treatment by helping the body’s defenses against cancer cells. It is not a cancer treatment by itself.

Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (Beta-Hcg) is a hormone normally found in blood and urine during pregnancy. It can also be higher than usual in some cancers, including testicular, ovarian, liver, stomach, and lung cancers. Measuring Beta-Hcg levels helps doctors diagnose certain cancers and monitor how well treatment is working. It may also appear under related names such as Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin.

Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (beta-hCG) is a hormone normally found in blood and urine during pregnancy. Some cancers, including testicular, ovarian, liver, stomach, and lung cancers, can cause higher than usual beta-hCG levels. Measuring beta-hCG helps doctors diagnose certain cancers and monitor how well treatment is working. It may also appear under related names such as Beta-Hcg.

Beta-sitosterol is a natural substance found in many plant foods like nuts, seeds, beans, fruits, and vegetables. It is also sold as a dietary supplement. Beta-sitosterol may help lower blood cholesterol by reducing how much cholesterol your body absorbs from food. Some early research suggests it might slow or kill certain cancer cells, but more studies are needed to understand its role in cancer care.

Betel quid with tobacco, also called gutka, is a smokeless tobacco product popular in India and parts of Asia. It combines tobacco, crushed areca nut (betel nut), spices, and other ingredients. Users place it in the mouth, usually between the gum and cheek. It contains nicotine and harmful chemicals that can cause addiction and increase the risk of cancers in the mouth, throat, and esophagus.

The Evan Brand Gut Restoration, also called the Better Belly Protocol, is a gut-health program that uses stool and organic acids testing, elimination diets, and targeted supplements. In cancer care, it may be discussed for symptom relief, nutrition support, immune or metabolic help, or recovery after treatment. Patients should always talk with their healthcare team before starting this protocol, especially during cancer treatment.

Bevacizumab is a cancer medicine that works by blocking a protein called VEGF, which tumors use to grow new blood vessels. By stopping these vessels from forming, bevacizumab can slow or stop tumor growth. It is used alone or with other treatments for several cancers, including cervical, colorectal, lung, kidney, brain, liver, and ovarian cancers. Brand names include Avastin, Alymsys, Mvasi, and Zirabev.

Bexarotene, also known as Targretin or LGD1069, is a medicine used to treat skin problems caused by cutaneous T-cell lymphoma when other treatments have not worked. It belongs to a group of drugs called retinoids and works by activating proteins that may help stop cancer cells from growing and kill them. Researchers are also studying bexarotene for other types of cancer.

BG00001 is an experimental gene therapy drug studied for cancer treatment. It belongs to biological response modifiers, which help the immune system recognize and fight cancer. BG00001 is not yet an approved or standard treatment and is usually available only through clinical trials. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

BI 2536 is an experimental drug studied as a possible cancer treatment. It works by stopping cancer cells from dividing, which may help slow or stop tumor growth. BI 2536 belongs to a group of drugs called mitotic inhibitors that target the process of cell division in cancer cells. It is not yet approved for general use but may be available in clinical trials.

BI-RADS is a system doctors use to describe breast imaging results like mammograms, ultrasounds, or MRIs. It sorts findings into seven categories, from normal to highly suspicious for cancer, and includes recommendations for what to do next. This helps guide your care clearly and consistently. It may also appear under related names such as Breast Imaging Reporting, Data System.

Biafine Cream is a skin lotion used to help heal and soothe damaged skin. It is often applied to wounds, burns, or skin irritation caused by radiation therapy during cancer treatment. This cream can ease redness, burning, and peeling, making skin more comfortable while it heals. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Bias is a mistake or unfair influence in how a scientific study or clinical trial is designed, carried out, or interpreted. It can affect the accuracy of the study’s results and lead to wrong conclusions about cancer treatments or risks. Knowing about bias helps patients and caregivers better understand and evaluate medical research and information.

BIBF 1120 is an experimental cancer drug that blocks enzymes called tyrosine kinases, which help cancer cells grow. It may also stop tumors from making new blood vessels, a process tumors need to get nutrients and grow. BIBF 1120 is studied in clinical trials but is not yet a standard treatment.

BIBX 1382 is an experimental drug being studied for cancer treatment. It belongs to a group called EGFR inhibitors, which work by blocking signals that help cancer cells grow and divide. While researchers are exploring its potential, BIBX 1382 is not yet approved as a standard cancer treatment and is mainly available through clinical trials.

Bicalutamide (brand name Casodex) is a medicine used with other treatments to help control prostate cancer that has spread. It works by blocking proteins called androgen receptors in cancer cells, which respond to male hormones and can encourage cancer growth. Bicalutamide is part of hormone therapy and is being studied for other cancers.

Bicnu, also known as BCNU or carmustine, is a chemotherapy drug used to treat certain brain tumors, Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. It works by damaging cancer cells’ DNA to help stop their growth or kill them. Bicnu may be given alone or with other medicines and is also being studied for other cancers.

A bidi is a hand-rolled cigarette made by wrapping tobacco in a dried leaf from the tendu tree, mostly produced in India. Unlike regular cigarettes, bidis use natural leaves and often come in flavors. Because they contain tobacco, bidis carry health risks and may be discussed in cancer care when assessing tobacco use and related cancer risks.

Bilateral means affecting both the right and left sides of the body. In cancer care, it describes when a tumor or condition is found in both paired organs, like both breasts or both lungs. Knowing if a problem is bilateral helps doctors plan treatment and monitoring. It only refers to location, not how serious or advanced the cancer is.

Bilateral cancer means cancer is found in both organs of a matching pair in the body, like both breasts or kidneys, at the same time. This term describes where cancer is located and can influence treatment choices and monitoring plans. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Bilateral nephrectomy is surgery to remove both kidneys. It may be done to treat cancer or other kidney problems. After this surgery, the body cannot filter waste naturally, so patients will need dialysis or a kidney transplant. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers recognize when this surgery is part of a treatment plan or medical discussion.

Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy is surgery to remove both breasts before cancer develops, aiming to greatly lower the chance of breast cancer. It is often chosen by people at very high risk, such as those with inherited gene changes like BRCA1 or BRCA2. While this surgery can reduce breast cancer risk by about 90% or more, it does not completely eliminate the risk because some breast tissue may remain.

Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is surgery to remove both ovaries and both fallopian tubes. It is often done to lower the risk of ovarian and fallopian tube cancers, especially for people with inherited gene changes that increase cancer risk. This surgery may also be part of cancer treatment or prevention plans and affects hormone levels and fertility.

Bile is a fluid made by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It helps digest fats by flowing into the small intestine after eating. Bile also assists the liver in removing toxins and waste. Problems with bile or bile ducts can cause symptoms like yellowing skin and may be linked to certain cancers or other diseases.

The bile duct is a tube that carries bile, a digestive fluid made by the liver, to the gallbladder and small intestine. It helps break down fats during digestion. Problems in the bile duct, including cancer, can cause symptoms like yellowing of the skin (jaundice), abdominal pain, and changes in stool or urine color.

Bile duct cancer, also called cholangiocarcinoma, is a rare cancer that starts in the bile ducts—small tubes that carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. It can develop inside the liver (intrahepatic) or outside the liver (extrahepatic). This cancer can cause symptoms like yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), abdominal pain, and changes in stool or urine color.

Biliary refers to the liver, bile ducts, and gallbladder—the parts of your body that make, store, and carry bile, a fluid that helps digest fats. Problems in the biliary system can affect digestion and may be linked to conditions like gallstones, infections, or cancer. Knowing this term can help you better understand your care and treatment plans.

A biliary bypass is surgery that creates a new path for bile to flow when the bile duct is blocked. It connects the gallbladder or part of the bile duct before the blockage to the bile duct beyond it or directly to the small intestine. This helps relieve symptoms like jaundice and pain caused by the blockage, often due to tumors that cannot be fully removed by surgery.

Biliary cirrhosis is a long-term liver condition where small tubes that carry bile become damaged or blocked. This can cause bile and harmful substances to build up in the liver, leading to scarring (cirrhosis) and possibly liver failure. It may also increase the risk of liver cancer. Causes include gallstones, injury, autoimmune diseases, and other health problems.

The biliary system, also called the biliary tract, includes the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts. These organs make, store, and carry bile, a fluid that helps digest fats. Bile flows from the liver through the bile ducts into the small intestine to aid digestion. Problems in this system can affect digestion and may be linked to conditions like gallstones, infections, or cancer.

The biliary tract, also called the biliary system, is a group of organs and tubes that make, store, and carry bile—a fluid made by the liver that helps digest fats. It includes the gallbladder and bile ducts inside and outside the liver. Bile flows through these ducts into the small intestine to aid digestion. Problems here can affect digestion and may be linked to conditions like gallstones or cancer.

Biliary tract cancer is a rare cancer that starts in the cells lining the bile ducts, gallbladder, or the ampulla of Vater, where bile flows into the small intestine. These cancers often grow and spread quickly and are usually found at an advanced stage. Symptoms may include yellowing of the skin or eyes, itching, abdominal pain, or weight loss, but early signs can be hard to notice.

Bilirubin is a yellow substance made when the body breaks down old red blood cells. The liver processes bilirubin and stores it in the gallbladder as part of bile, which helps digest fats. High bilirubin levels can cause jaundice, making the skin and eyes look yellow. Doctors check bilirubin levels to learn about liver health and possible effects of cancer or treatment.

Bimatoprost is a medicine used to help eyelashes grow longer, thicker, and darker, often sold as Latisse. It is also used under the name Lumigan to treat glaucoma, an eye condition with high pressure. Researchers are studying bimatoprost to help people receiving chemotherapy regrow eyelashes and eyebrows that may be lost during treatment.

A binding agent is a substance used to hold loose ingredients together, such as powders in a pill, making medications stable and easier to take. In cancer care, binding agents help ensure that oral medicines stay intact and deliver the right dose. While the term may appear in different treatment or research contexts, it mainly refers to how medicines are made rather than how they work.

Binimetinib (brand name Mektovi) is a targeted cancer medicine used with encorafenib to treat melanoma that has spread or cannot be removed by surgery, especially when the cancer has a specific change in the BRAF gene. It works by blocking proteins called MEK1 and MEK2, which may help stop cancer cells from growing. Binimetinib is also being studied for other cancers.

Bioactive compounds are natural chemicals found in small amounts in many plant-based foods like fruits, vegetables, nuts, oils, and whole grains. They may support health by affecting body processes such as inflammation and immune response. Researchers are studying their possible role in preventing diseases like cancer and heart disease. Examples include lycopene from tomatoes and resveratrol from grapes and red wine.

Bioavailable describes how well a drug or substance can be absorbed and used by the body. For example, if a medicine is taken by mouth and is bioavailable, it means the body can absorb it effectively to help treat a condition. Understanding bioavailability helps patients know how medicines work and why some forms or routes of treatment may be chosen.

Biobran, also known as MGN-3 or Arabinoxylan Rice Bran, is a natural supplement made from rice bran treated with shiitake mushroom enzymes. It is studied for its potential to support the immune system by helping certain immune cells mature and become more active. While it may boost immune responses, especially in older adults, Biobran is not a treatment for cancer and should be used only as part of supportive care under medical guidance.

Biobran, also called MGN-3 or Arabinoxylan Rice Bran, is a natural food supplement made from rice bran treated with enzymes from shiitake mushrooms. It is promoted for supporting natural killer (NK) cells, which are part of the immune system. While some early research suggests it may affect immune markers, there is not enough reliable evidence to support its use as a cancer treatment. It should never replace standard cancer care.

Biochanin A is a natural plant compound called an isoflavone found mainly in soy products and some legumes. Isoflavones can act like weak forms of estrogen in the body. Scientists are studying biochanin A to learn if it might help prevent cancer or affect cancer growth, but its role is still not clear and it is not a cancer treatment.

Biochemical reactions are the natural chemical processes inside living cells that keep them alive and help them grow. These reactions support all cell functions, including those in healthy and cancerous cells. Understanding biochemical reactions helps explain how cancer develops and how treatments work at the cellular level. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Biochemical recurrence is when the level of PSA (prostate-specific antigen) in the blood rises after prostate cancer treatment like surgery or radiation. This rise can happen even if there are no symptoms and may suggest the cancer has returned. It is also called biochemical relapse or PSA failure. It may also appear under related names such as Biochemical Relapse, PSA Failure.

Biochemical relapse, also called biochemical recurrence or PSA failure, happens when the level of PSA (prostate-specific antigen) in the blood rises after prostate cancer treatment like surgery or radiation. This rise may suggest the cancer has returned, even if there are no symptoms. Doctors watch PSA levels closely during follow-up to decide if further tests or treatments are needed.

A biochemist is a scientist who studies the chemicals and processes inside living things. In cancer care, biochemists help researchers understand how cancer cells grow and respond to treatments. Their work supports the development of new medicines and tests that can improve patient care, even though patients usually do not meet them directly.

Biofeedback is a technique that uses special machines to help you learn to control body functions like heart rate, breathing, and muscle tension. It can support cancer care by helping manage symptoms such as stress, pain, and fatigue. This mind-body approach is often part of supportive care rather than direct cancer treatment.

A biofilm is a thin, sticky layer of bacteria or other tiny organisms that stick to surfaces like teeth or medical devices such as catheters and artificial joints. These layers protect bacteria from antibiotics, making infections harder to treat. Biofilms can cause persistent infections, especially in people with medical devices or weakened immune systems, such as many cancer patients.

Bioidentical Hormone Replacement Therapy (BHRT) uses hormones that closely match those naturally made by the body to help manage symptoms like fatigue, menopause changes, mood, and sexual health. In cancer care, BHRT may be considered for symptom relief or quality of life, but its safety and effectiveness depend on the type of cancer and individual health. Patients should discuss BHRT carefully with their healthcare team before use.

Bioinformatics, also called computational biology, is a science that uses computers, math, and statistics to collect and analyze large amounts of biological and medical information. It helps organize data from genetic studies, patient records, tissue samples, and clinical trials to support research and care by making complex health data easier to understand.

A biologic agent is a medicine made from living organisms or their products. It helps prevent, diagnose, or treat cancer by supporting the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. Examples include antibodies, vaccines, and proteins used in immunotherapy. It may also appear under related names such as Biological Agent, Biological Drug.

Biological refers to anything related to living things. In medicine, it often means substances made from living organisms, such as antibodies or vaccines, used to prevent or treat diseases. In cancer care, biological therapies help the immune system fight cancer. The word can also mean family members related by blood, such as biological parents or children.

A biological agent is a medicine made from living organisms or their products. It helps prevent, diagnose, or treat cancer by supporting the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. Examples include antibodies, vaccines, and proteins used in immunotherapy. It may also appear under related names such as Biologic Agent, Biological Drug.

A biological drug, also called a biologic agent, is a medicine made from living organisms or their products. These drugs help the immune system recognize and fight cancer cells. Examples include antibodies, vaccines, and proteins used in cancer treatment. Biological drugs often work differently from traditional chemotherapy by targeting specific parts of cancer or boosting the body’s natural defenses.

A biological endpoint is a physical or biological sign in the body that doctors watch to see if a cancer treatment is working. This might include changes in tumor size, blood test results, or other body functions affected by treatment. Tracking these signs helps doctors understand how well a treatment is working during clinical trials or care.

A biological profile is a summary of how a substance, like a drug or treatment, acts in the body or in lab tests. It helps doctors understand how a therapy might work against cancer and what effects it could have. The meaning of a biological profile can vary depending on the type of cancer, treatment, or research involved.

Biological response modifier therapy is a cancer treatment that uses substances made from living organisms or their lab-made versions. These treatments help the immune system fight cancer by boosting or calming it, directly attacking cancer cells, or reducing side effects from other treatments. It is also called biological therapy, biotherapy, or BRM therapy and includes immunotherapy and some targeted therapies.

Biological therapy is a cancer treatment that uses substances made from living organisms or their lab-made versions. These therapies help the immune system fight cancer or directly target cancer cells. Also called biotherapy or biological response modifier therapy, it includes treatments like immunotherapy and targeted therapy. It may also appear under related names such as Biological Response Modifier Therapy, Biotherapy, And BRM Therapy.

A biomarker is a molecule found in blood, body fluids, or tissues that signals a normal or abnormal process, condition, or disease. In cancer care, biomarkers help doctors understand how the body and cancer are responding to treatment and guide choices about the best therapies. Biomarkers are also called molecular markers or signature molecules.

Biomarker testing is a lab test that looks for specific genes, proteins, or molecules in tissue, blood, or other body fluids. It helps doctors find signs of cancer, guide treatment choices, monitor treatment progress, and predict if cancer might return or spread. This testing is also called molecular profiling or molecular testing and is an important part of personalized cancer care.

Biomed 101 is a substance being studied to reduce side effects caused by interleukin-2 (IL-2), a treatment sometimes used in cancer care. Researchers hope it can help patients better tolerate IL-2 therapy by lessening unwanted effects like flu-like symptoms or low blood pressure. It is not yet an approved treatment but is being explored in clinical trials.

Biomed Expo Las Vegas 2026 Speaker Connection is a program or system that combines various tests, supplements, lifestyle advice, medications, coaching, and clinic services related to cancer care. It may be used to help prevent cancer, support treatment, relieve symptoms, aid recovery, or improve quality of life. Not all parts have the same scientific support, so it’s important to discuss any components with your cancer care team.

Biomedicine, also called conventional or Western medicine, is the common system where doctors and healthcare professionals treat illness using drugs, surgery, or radiation. It is the usual approach for diagnosing and treating cancer and many other diseases, based on scientific research and widely accepted medical practices. It may also appear under related names such as Allopathic Medicine, Conventional Medicine, Mainstream Medicine, Orthodox Medicine, And Western Medicine.

Biometrics is the science of collecting and analyzing health data using statistics. In cancer care, it helps researchers understand how often cancers occur, possible causes, and trends in different groups of people. Also called biometry or biostatistics, it supports cancer research and helps guide public health and treatment planning. It may also appear under related names such as Biometry, Biostatistics.

Biometry, also called biometrics or biostatistics, is the science of collecting and analyzing health and biological data using statistics. It helps researchers understand how often cancers occur, possible causes, and patterns in different groups of people. This information supports cancer research, prevention, and treatment planning by showing trends and risks in populations.

A biopsy is a medical test where a small sample of cells or tissue is taken from the body to check for diseases like cancer. It helps doctors confirm a diagnosis, plan treatment, and monitor how well treatment is working. Biopsies can be done using needles or surgery, depending on the situation.

A biopsy specimen is a small piece of tissue taken from the body to be examined under a microscope. This helps doctors find out if disease, such as cancer, is present. Examining the biopsy specimen is an important step in diagnosing health problems and planning treatment. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A biorepository is a place where biological samples like blood, tissue, or urine are collected and stored for research. When samples come from people, their medical information and permission to use the samples in studies are also kept. These samples help scientists learn more about diseases, including cancer. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Bioresonance, also called frequency medicine devices, are alternative tools that claim to detect and treat health problems by measuring and adjusting the body's energy frequencies. These devices are not proven or accepted in cancer care. Patients should be cautious about their use and always discuss any interest in bioresonance with their healthcare team to ensure safe and coordinated care.

Bioresonance or frequency medicine devices are alternative tools that claim to detect and correct abnormal electromagnetic signals from cells or organs. These devices are not proven to diagnose, prevent, or treat cancer. Some people use them for relaxation or wellness, but cancer experts warn against relying on them instead of standard medical care.

A biosimilar drug is a medicine made from living organisms that is very similar to an FDA-approved biological drug, called the reference drug. It works the same way, is used for the same condition, and is given in the same dose. Biosimilars meet strict safety and effectiveness standards and may cost less than the original drug.

A biospecimen is a sample of material taken from a person, animal, or plant, such as blood, urine, tissue, or cells. These samples help doctors and researchers understand diseases like cancer, guide treatment choices, and monitor how well treatments are working. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Biostatistics is the science of collecting and analyzing health and biological data using statistics. It helps researchers understand how often cancers occur, possible causes, and trends in different groups of people. This information supports cancer research, treatment planning, and public health decisions. It may also appear under related names such as Biometrics, Biometry.

Biotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses substances made from living organisms or their lab-made versions to help the body fight cancer. It often works by boosting or changing the immune system to better find and attack cancer cells. Biotherapy includes treatments like immunotherapy, monoclonal antibodies, and cancer vaccines, and is different from traditional chemotherapy.

Biotin, also called vitamin H, is a B vitamin your body needs in small amounts to stay healthy. It helps enzymes turn food into energy and supports healthy skin, nerves, and tissues. You get biotin from foods like egg yolks, whole milk, yeast, and organ meats. Because it dissolves in water, your body needs a daily supply. In cancer care, biotin may help some treatments target cancer cells more precisely.

Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome is a rare inherited condition that causes small, non-cancerous skin growths called fibrofolliculomas, mainly on the face, neck, and chest. People with this syndrome have a higher risk of developing kidney tumors, including kidney cancer, and may also have lung cysts or experience a collapsed lung. Symptoms usually begin in young adulthood.

The birth canal is the muscular passageway from the uterus to the outside of the body, also called the vagina. It is important during childbirth as the baby passes through it. In cancer care, the birth canal connects to the cervix and uterus, areas where cancers can develop, making it important to understand.

Birth control, also called contraception, includes medicines, devices, or surgeries used to prevent pregnancy. Options range from barrier methods like condoms to hormonal pills, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and permanent surgeries such as tubal ligation or vasectomy. Some methods also help protect against sexually transmitted infections. It may also appear under related names such as Contraception.

The birth control pill, also called the oral contraceptive pill, is a medication taken by mouth to prevent pregnancy. It contains hormones that stop the ovaries from releasing eggs. These hormones may affect the risk of certain cancers, so understanding birth control pills can be important in cancer care. It may also appear under related names such as Oral Contraceptive Pill.

Bismuth is a silver-white metal used in some medicines to treat stomach problems like diarrhea, heartburn, and ulcers. In cancer care, it may be part of treatments to help ease digestive symptoms caused by cancer or its treatment. Understanding bismuth can help you follow your care plan and discuss your medicines with your healthcare team.

A bispecific antibody is a laboratory-made protein designed to attach to two different targets at the same time. Researchers are studying these antibodies to help detect and treat cancer by linking cancer cells with immune cells or other molecules. They are a newer type of treatment being explored in cancer care, often in clinical trials.

A bispecific fusion protein is a lab-made protein that can attach to two different molecules on two different cells at once. It often links a cancer cell and an immune cell called a T cell, helping the immune system find and kill cancer cells. This type of protein is used in some immunotherapy treatments for cancer.

A bispecific monoclonal antibody is a lab-made protein designed to attach to two different targets at once. These antibodies are being studied to help doctors detect cancer or boost the immune system’s ability to fight cancer by linking immune cells to cancer cells. They are a promising new approach in cancer diagnosis and treatment but are still being researched.

A bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) is a lab-made medicine that helps the immune system fight cancer. It connects T cells, a type of immune cell, to cancer cells by binding to proteins on both. This brings T cells close to cancer cells so they can attack them more effectively. BiTEs are a type of targeted therapy used in some cancers like leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma.

Bisphosphonates are medicines that help protect bones by slowing down the cells that break down bone tissue. They are used to treat high blood calcium levels and bone pain caused by some cancers, as well as conditions like osteoporosis and Paget’s disease. These drugs can be given as pills or injections and help reduce bone loss and related complications.

Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis (BON) is a rare condition where bone tissue, usually in the jaw, dies due to treatment with bisphosphonate drugs. These medicines are used to treat bone problems like osteoporosis, bone pain from cancer, and high blood calcium. BON can cause pain, swelling, infection, and sometimes exposed bone in the jaw area.

A BiTE (Bispecific T-Cell Engager) is a lab-made medicine that helps the immune system fight cancer. It works by connecting immune cells called T cells to cancer cells, making it easier for the immune system to find and attack the cancer. BiTEs are a type of targeted therapy used in some cancers like leukemia and lymphoma.

A bivalent vaccine is a vaccine designed to protect against two different parts of germs, called antigens. For example, some bivalent vaccines protect against two types of human papillomavirus (HPV), viruses linked to cervical and other cancers. These vaccines help your immune system recognize and fight both targets, which can help prevent infections that may increase cancer risk.

Bizelesin is a cancer drug that belongs to a group called alkylating agents and is also an antitumor antibiotic. It works by damaging cancer cells’ DNA to stop their growth. Bizelesin may be used in chemotherapy or clinical trials. Understanding this drug can help patients and caregivers discuss treatment options and possible side effects with their healthcare team.

Bizengri (zenocutuzumab) is a targeted cancer medicine used to treat adults with certain lung and pancreatic cancers that have a rare genetic change called an NRG1 gene fusion. It is given when the cancer has spread or cannot be removed by surgery after other treatments. Bizengri works by attaching to proteins on cancer cells to help stop their growth and support the immune system.

BL22 Immunotoxin is a medicine made by linking a bacterial toxin to an antibody. This combination helps the drug attach to and kill certain cancer cells. It is part of a group called bacterial immunotoxins, which are being studied as targeted treatments for some cancers but are not yet standard therapy.

Black cohosh is a plant native to eastern North America, traditionally used to ease menopausal symptoms like hot flashes. It is sometimes discussed in cancer care for symptom relief but has no proven ability to treat or prevent cancer. People with hormone-sensitive cancers should be cautious and always talk with their healthcare team before using it.

Black Salve, also called Bloodroot Escharotics, is an unregulated topical ointment sometimes used by people to treat skin lesions or cysts. It is not approved by medical authorities and can cause serious skin damage, infections, and scarring. Healthcare providers warn against its use because it is unsafe and lacks evidence of effectiveness.

Black Salve, also called Bloodroot Escharotics, are unapproved topical products promoted to burn or remove skin cancers. These corrosive salves can cause serious harm, including skin tissue death, infection, scarring, and delayed cancer diagnosis. Health authorities warn against their use and recommend seeing a qualified doctor for any suspicious skin lesions instead.

Black seed oil is made from the seeds of the Nigella sativa plant and has been used for centuries in traditional medicine across the Middle East, Asia, and Africa. It contains compounds like thymoquinone that may support the immune system and reduce inflammation. While it is not a cancer treatment, some early studies suggest it might help alongside conventional care, but more research is needed.

Black snakeroot, also called black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to eastern North America. Extracts from its root have traditionally been used to ease menopausal symptoms like hot flashes. It is sometimes used by women undergoing cancer treatment to help manage these symptoms, but it is not approved by the FDA to treat cancer or other medical conditions.

Blackfan–Diamond anemia is a very rare inherited condition where the bone marrow makes too few red blood cells, usually noticed in babies under one year old. It can cause physical differences like deformed thumbs and increases the risk of certain cancers, including leukemia and bone cancer (osteosarcoma). Careful monitoring and treatment are important for managing symptoms and health risks.

The bladder is a hollow, balloon-shaped organ in the lower abdomen that stores urine made by the kidneys. It holds urine until you urinate through the urethra. Bladder cancer starts in the bladder’s lining and can affect how urine is stored and passed. Understanding the bladder helps patients recognize symptoms and why certain tests or treatments are needed.

Bladder cancer is a disease where abnormal cells grow in the bladder, the organ that stores urine. Most bladder cancers start in the cells lining the inside of the bladder, called urothelial or transitional cells. Symptoms may include blood in the urine and frequent urination. Treatments can include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy.

A blast is an immature blood cell normally found in the bone marrow. In blood cancers like leukemia, blasts can build up in large numbers, crowding out healthy cells. Doctors measure blasts to help diagnose and track disease progress, making the term important in understanding blood cancer care. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Blast crisis is a serious phase of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) when immature blood cells called blast cells increase sharply, making up more than 30% of blood or bone marrow cells. This phase often causes symptoms like tiredness, fever, and an enlarged spleen. It signals that the leukemia is more advanced and may require urgent changes in treatment and close medical care.

Blastic Phase Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) is an advanced stage of CML where 20% or more of blood or bone marrow cells are immature blast cells. This phase may cause symptoms like tiredness, fever, and an enlarged spleen, sometimes called blast crisis. It indicates a more aggressive form of the disease that may need different treatment.

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare, fast-growing cancer that mainly affects the blood, bone marrow, and skin. It often causes red-brown or deep purple skin spots or lumps. BPDCN mostly occurs in older adults and can also involve lymph nodes, the spleen, and the central nervous system. It can be difficult to diagnose and treat.

Bleomycin sulfate is a chemotherapy drug made from a natural bacterium. It is used alone or with other medicines to treat several cancers, including Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, testicular cancer, and certain squamous cell cancers. It works by damaging cancer cells’ DNA to stop their growth and may also be used to treat fluid buildup in the chest caused by cancer.

Blessed thistle is a plant whose leaves, stems, and flowers have been used in some cultures to help with certain health issues. Also called cardin, holy thistle, spotted thistle, or St. Benedict’s thistle, it may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. However, these potential benefits are not yet proven or part of standard cancer treatment. Always talk with your healthcare team before using herbal products.

Blinatumomab (brand name Blincyto) is a medicine used to treat certain types of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in adults and children aged 1 month and older. It helps the immune system’s T cells find and kill leukemia cells that have a protein called CD19. Blinatumomab is a type of immunotherapy called a bispecific T-cell engager and is also being studied for other cancers.

Blincyto (blinatumomab) is a targeted immunotherapy medicine used to treat certain types of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in adults and children aged 1 month and older. It helps the immune system’s T cells find and kill leukemia cells that have a protein called CD19. Blincyto is a bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) and is also being studied for other cancers.

A blinded study is a type of medical research where patients, and sometimes their doctors, do not know which treatment or drug is being given. This helps reduce bias and makes the study results more reliable. In a single-blinded study, only patients are unaware, while in a double-blinded study, both patients and doctors do not know the treatment assignments.

A blister is a small, fluid-filled bubble that forms on the skin’s surface. It can happen from rubbing, heat, or skin conditions. In cancer care, blisters may appear as side effects of treatments like radiation or chemotherapy, or from infections such as shingles. Blisters can be uncomfortable and need careful care to prevent infection.

The BLM gene makes a protein that helps keep DNA stable and repairs damaged DNA when cells divide. Changes in this gene can reduce the cell’s ability to fix DNA, which may lead to abnormal cell growth and increase cancer risk. Inherited mutations in the BLM gene cause Bloom syndrome, a rare condition linked to higher chances of early cancers like skin cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, and digestive tract cancers.

Bloating is a feeling of fullness or swelling in the belly, often caused by gas in the intestines. It can happen after eating too much, constipation, or food intolerance. In cancer care, bloating may also be a side effect of cancer or its treatments, so it’s important to report new or worsening bloating to your healthcare team.

Blood is a living tissue made of red and white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. It carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, helps fight infections, and stops bleeding. Blood tests are common in cancer care to check health and how treatments affect the body. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Blood cancer, also called hematologic cancer, is a group of cancers that start in blood-forming tissues like the bone marrow or in immune system cells. Common types include leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. These cancers affect how blood cells grow and work, which can impact the body’s ability to fight infections, carry oxygen, and control bleeding.

A blood cell count, also called CBC or complete blood count, is a common blood test that measures the numbers of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It also checks hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. This test helps doctors understand your blood health and is important in cancer care to monitor how treatments affect your blood cells.

A blood cell count with differential (CBC with differential) is a blood test that measures the numbers of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It also breaks down the types of white blood cells, like neutrophils and lymphocytes. This test helps doctors check for anemia, infections, and monitor blood health during cancer care.

A blood chemistry study is a blood test that measures levels of substances like electrolytes, fats, proteins, sugar, and enzymes. It helps doctors see how well organs such as the kidneys and liver are working. This test can detect changes caused by disease or side effects of treatment and is often used before, during, and after cancer care.

A blood chemistry test measures levels of substances like electrolytes, fats, proteins, sugar, and enzymes in your blood. It helps doctors check how well your kidneys, liver, and other organs are working. This test is often used before, during, and after cancer treatment to monitor your health and detect any side effects.

Blood circulation, also called the bloodstream, is the movement of blood through your body. It carries oxygen, nutrients, and other important substances from the heart to your cells and organs. It also helps remove waste like carbon dioxide. Healthy blood circulation is essential for your body to work well and to heal, especially during cancer treatment.

A blood clot is a clump of blood made of cells, platelets, and proteins that stick together. It can stay in one place inside a blood vessel (called a thrombus) or break loose and travel through the bloodstream (called an embolus). Blood clots can block blood flow and cause serious health problems depending on where they form or move.

A blood culture is a lab test that checks your blood for bacteria, yeast, fungi, or other germs. It helps find out if you have an infection in your blood and what kind of germ is causing it. This information guides doctors in choosing the right treatment, especially for serious infections like septicemia.

A blood draw, also called phlebotomy or venipuncture, is a common procedure where a needle is used to take blood from a vein, usually in the arm. Blood samples are collected for lab tests that help doctors check your health, diagnose cancer, monitor treatment effects, and guide care decisions. The procedure is quick and generally safe, though you might feel a brief pinch or mild bruising afterward.

Blood poisoning, also called septicemia or toxemia, is a serious condition where bacteria and their toxins spread through the bloodstream. This can cause a widespread infection that needs quick medical treatment. People with cancer may be more at risk because their immune systems can be weaker, making infections harder to fight.

Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of your arteries. It is measured with two numbers: systolic pressure (when your heart beats) and diastolic pressure (when your heart rests between beats). A typical reading looks like 120/80, with the first number being systolic and the second diastolic.

Blood stasis is a traditional Chinese medicine term describing slowed or pooled blood flow in the body, which may cause pain or other symptoms. While not used in Western medicine, it sometimes appears in discussions about complementary therapies during cancer care. Understanding blood stasis can help patients explore holistic approaches safely alongside their cancer treatment.

Blood stem cells, also called hematopoietic stem cells, are immature cells found mainly in the bone marrow and blood. They can develop into all types of blood cells, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. These cells are essential for making new blood cells and supporting a healthy immune system, especially during cancer treatment.

Blood sugar, also called glycemia, is the amount of glucose (a type of sugar) in your blood. It provides energy to your body’s cells and can change based on what you eat, your activity, and health. During cancer care, monitoring blood sugar can be important because some treatments or the cancer itself may affect how your body manages sugar.

A blood test is a simple medical check where a small sample of your blood is taken to measure substances or count blood cells. It helps doctors find signs of disease, check for antibodies or tumor markers, and monitor how well treatments are working. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A blood thinner, also called an anticoagulant, is a medicine that helps prevent harmful blood clots from forming or growing in the heart and blood vessels. These medicines are often used during cancer treatment or after surgery to lower the risk of dangerous clots. While they reduce clotting, blood thinners can increase bleeding risk, so careful medical supervision is important.

A blood transfusion is a medical procedure where blood or parts of blood are given through a vein. It helps replace blood lost during surgery, injury, or illness. In cancer care, transfusions support patients who have low blood counts or bleeding. The blood may come from a donor or be stored from the patient’s own blood. Doctors carefully match blood types to keep transfusions safe.

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a blood test that measures the amount of nitrogen in your blood from urea, a waste product made when the liver breaks down protein. Your kidneys normally remove urea through urine. High BUN levels may suggest kidney problems or other health issues. BUN is often checked with other tests to help understand kidney health, especially during cancer care.

Blood vessels are tubes in your body that carry blood to and from your heart and organs. They include arteries, veins, and tiny capillaries. Blood vessels deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove waste. In cancer care, they help explain how tumors grow and how treatments reach the body.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a protective layer of tightly packed cells in brain blood vessels. It helps keep harmful substances like bacteria out of the brain while allowing essential items such as water, oxygen, and some medicines to pass through. This barrier is important for brain health but can also make it harder for some cancer treatments to reach brain tumors.

Blood-brain barrier disruption (BBBD) is a medical technique that uses drugs to temporarily open the brain’s protective barrier. This barrier normally blocks harmful substances but can also stop cancer medicines from reaching brain tumors. By opening it briefly, doctors can deliver treatments directly to the brain to better target tumors.

Black Salve, also called Bloodroot Escharotics, is an unregulated topical ointment sometimes used to treat skin lesions or cysts. It can cause serious skin damage, infections, and scarring. Although promoted online as a natural cancer treatment, it is not proven safe or effective. Healthcare providers strongly advise against using Black Salve and recommend consulting a doctor for any suspicious skin problems.

The bloodstream is the continuous flow of blood through your body’s vessels. It carries oxygen, nutrients, and important substances from the heart to your cells and organs, and helps remove waste like carbon dioxide. Also called blood circulation, it plays a key role in health and how diseases, including cancer, can spread or be treated.

Bloom syndrome, also called Bloom-Torre-Machacek syndrome, is a rare inherited condition that causes shorter height, a narrow face, and a red rash on skin exposed to sunlight. People with this syndrome have a higher risk of developing certain cancers early in life, including skin cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, and digestive system cancers. The rash often appears on the face, arms, and backs of the hands and may include small clusters of enlarged blood vessels.

Bloom-Torre-Machacek Syndrome, also called Bloom Syndrome, is a rare inherited condition that causes shorter height, a narrow face, and a red rash on skin exposed to sunlight. People with this syndrome have a higher risk of developing certain cancers and other health problems like infections and diabetes. It may also appear under related names such as Bloom Syndrome.

Blue Zone Diet Patterns are eating habits inspired by regions where people often live longer, healthier lives. These diets focus on plant-based foods, whole grains, nuts, and moderate fish or lean protein. In cancer care, they may help support nutrition, reduce inflammation, and improve well-being during treatment. They are not a cure but can be part of supportive care when used safely alongside standard cancer treatments.

Bone Mineral Density (BMD) measures the amount of minerals like calcium and phosphorus in your bones. It helps doctors check for osteoporosis, a condition where bones become weak and more likely to break. BMD tests are important for people treated for cancer, as some treatments can lower bone strength and increase fracture risk.

A BMD scan is a painless X-ray test that measures the amount of minerals like calcium in your bones. It shows how strong and thick your bones are, usually checking the lower spine, hip, wrist, or heel. This test helps find weak bones and assess fracture risk, often used to diagnose osteoporosis or monitor bone health during cancer treatment.

BMI, or Body Mass Index, is a simple number that compares your weight to your height. It helps estimate if your weight is in a healthy range or if you have too much or too little body fat. Having too much body fat can increase the risk of some health problems, including certain cancers and heart disease. BMI is a quick tool often used by doctors to assess health risks.

BMS-182751, also called JM 216 or satraplatin, is an experimental drug studied mainly for prostate cancer and other cancers. It contains platinum and works by damaging cancer cells’ DNA to stop their growth. It belongs to a group of medicines called alkylating agents. This drug is not yet a standard treatment and may only be available through clinical trials.

BMS-184476 is an experimental drug being studied as a possible treatment for cancer. It belongs to a group called mitotic inhibitors, which work by blocking cancer cells from dividing and growing. This drug is not yet approved for routine use and is usually available only through clinical trials. Patients may hear about it when exploring new treatment options or research studies.

BMS-188797 is an experimental cancer drug related to taxanes, a group of medicines that work by stopping cancer cells from growing. It is being studied in clinical trials to learn if it is safe and effective. It is not yet approved for regular treatment and is usually available only through research studies.

BMS-214662 is an experimental drug being studied as a possible cancer treatment. It belongs to a group called farnesyltransferase inhibitors, which work by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow. It is not yet approved for routine use and is mainly available through clinical trials. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

BMS-247550, also called ixabepilone or Ixempra, is a chemotherapy drug used to treat breast cancer that has spread or did not improve after other treatments. It works by stopping cancer cells from dividing and can be given alone or with another drug called capecitabine. Researchers are also studying it for other cancers.

BMS-275291 is an experimental drug studied for cancer treatment. It belongs to a group called matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors (MMPIs), which may block enzymes that help cancer grow and spread. It is not yet approved for routine use and is mainly available through clinical trials. Patients may hear about it when exploring new treatment options or research studies.

BMS-354825, also called dasatinib or Sprycel, is a targeted medicine used to treat certain leukemias in adults and children aged 1 year and older. It works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow, especially in leukemias with a genetic change called the Philadelphia chromosome. Doctors may use it alone or with other drugs to treat chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

BMS-599626 is an experimental drug studied for cancer treatment. It belongs to a group called protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which work by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow. It is not yet approved for regular use and is being tested in clinical trials to learn if it is safe and effective.

Bone marrow transplant (BMT) is a medical procedure that replaces damaged or destroyed blood-forming stem cells with healthy ones. These stem cells can come from the patient, a donor, or an identical twin. BMT helps the body rebuild its ability to make blood cells after high-dose chemotherapy or radiation, often used to treat blood cancers and some other blood disorders.

Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is a special type of radiation treatment for cancer. A medicine containing boron is given through a vein and collects mainly in cancer cells. Then, the patient receives neutron radiation, which reacts with the boron to kill tumor cells while sparing healthy tissue. BNCT is being studied for certain brain and head and neck cancers.

A Board Certified Oncology Pharmacy Specialist (BCOP) is a licensed pharmacist with special training in cancer medicines like chemotherapy. They help design, prepare, give, and monitor cancer drug treatments to keep your care safe and effective. BCOPs work closely with your cancer care team to support your medication needs during treatment.

Body image is how a person thinks and feels about their own body and how they believe others see it. It includes thoughts about appearance, shape, and physical changes. Body image can be especially important for people with cancer, as treatments may change how the body looks or feels, affecting emotions and self-confidence.

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a simple number that compares your weight to your height. It helps estimate if your weight is in a healthy range, or if you have too much or too little body fat. BMI is often used to understand risks for health problems like heart disease and some cancers. While it’s a helpful starting point, BMI doesn’t measure body fat directly and doesn’t tell the whole story about your health.

A bolus dose is a single, quick dose of medicine given over a short time, usually through a vein. This method helps the medicine enter the bloodstream rapidly, which can be important in cancer treatment and other medical care. It is different from medicines given slowly or in repeated doses.

Bombesin is a small protein naturally found in the brain, lungs, and digestive system. It helps release hormones and enzymes and causes smooth muscles to contract. Bombesin is often found in high amounts on some cancer cells, especially small cell lung cancer cells. It acts as a type of hormone and neuropeptide involved in cell signaling.

BON, or bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis, is a rare condition where bone tissue dies due to treatment with bisphosphonate drugs. These medications help treat bone problems like osteoporosis, bone pain from cancer, or high blood calcium. BON most often affects the jaw bones and can cause pain, swelling, and infection in the affected area.

Bone cancer is a rare cancer that starts in the cells of the bone. Primary bone cancers include types like osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma. More commonly, cancer from other parts of the body such as breast or lung can spread to the bones, called secondary bone cancer. Symptoms often include bone pain, swelling, or lumps. Treatment may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, or sometimes amputation.

Bone densitometry is a painless test that uses low-dose X-rays to measure how strong and thick your bones are, usually checking the spine, hip, or wrist. It helps doctors find bone loss, like osteoporosis, and assess fracture risk. This test is also called a BMD scan, DEXA scan, or DXA.

Bone density measures the amount of minerals like calcium and phosphorus in your bones. It shows how strong your bones are and helps doctors check for conditions like osteoporosis, which makes bones fragile. Cancer treatments can lower bone density, so monitoring it is important for some patients to reduce fracture risk.

Bone marrow is the soft, spongy tissue inside many bones, like the hip and thigh bones. It contains stem cells that make red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These cells carry oxygen, fight infections, and help blood clot. There are two types: red marrow, which produces blood cells, and yellow marrow, mostly made of fat.

Bone marrow ablation is a treatment that uses radiation or very high doses of chemotherapy to destroy bone marrow. It is usually done before a bone marrow or stem cell transplant to remove unhealthy cells and make room for healthy new cells to grow and rebuild the blood and immune system.

Bone marrow aspiration is a procedure where a small sample of liquid bone marrow is taken, usually from the hip, breastbone, or thigh bone. The area is numbed, and a special needle is used to collect the sample. This test helps doctors check bone marrow cells to diagnose or monitor blood cancers and other blood disorders.

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy is a procedure that removes a small sample of bone marrow and a tiny piece of bone for testing. The area is numbed, and a special needle collects liquid marrow and bone tissue. These samples help doctors diagnose or monitor diseases like blood cancers or infections.

A bone marrow biopsy is a procedure where a small piece of bone and the marrow inside it is taken, usually from the hip bone. The area is numbed first, and a special needle is used to collect the sample. This test helps doctors check the health of your bone marrow, which makes blood cells, and is important for diagnosing blood cancers like leukemia.

Bone marrow cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the blood-forming stem cells inside the soft, sponge-like tissue in most bones. It includes diseases like leukemia and multiple myeloma, which affect how blood cells grow and work. Knowing about bone marrow cancer helps patients and caregivers understand how these blood cancers relate to the bone marrow.

Bone marrow metastasis occurs when cancer cells spread from their original site to the bone marrow, the soft tissue inside bones that produces blood cells. This can affect blood cell production and may influence treatment choices. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers follow discussions about diagnosis and care. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A bone marrow transplant (BMT) is a medical procedure that replaces damaged or destroyed blood-forming stem cells in the bone marrow with healthy ones. These stem cells can come from the patient’s own body or from a donor. BMT helps restore the body’s ability to make blood cells after high-dose chemotherapy or radiation, often used to treat blood cancers and other serious blood disorders.

Bone mass, also called bone mineral density (BMD) or bone density, measures the amount of minerals like calcium in your bones. It helps doctors understand how strong your bones are, diagnose conditions like osteoporosis, and predict your risk of fractures. Bone mass can change over time and may be affected by cancer treatments, so doctors may check it to protect your bone health.

Bone metastasis happens when cancer cells spread from their original tumor to the bones. This means the cancer is no longer only in its first location but has moved to bone tissue. Bone metastasis can cause symptoms like pain or fractures and may affect treatment choices. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers recognize its role in cancer care and symptom management.

Bone mineral density (BMD) measures the amount of minerals like calcium and phosphorus in your bones. It helps doctors check bone strength, diagnose osteoporosis (weak bones), and predict fracture risk. Cancer treatments can lower BMD, so monitoring bone health during and after cancer care is important. It may also appear under related names such as BMD, Bone Density, And Bone Mass.

A Bone Mineral Density (BMD) scan is a painless test that uses low-dose X-rays to measure how strong and thick your bones are, usually in the spine, hip, or wrist. It helps doctors find bone loss, diagnose osteoporosis, and check how well treatments are working to keep your bones healthy.

A bone scan, also called bone scintigraphy, is a test that uses a small amount of radioactive material injected into a vein to find areas of damage or abnormal activity in the bones. A special camera detects this material as it collects in the bones, helping doctors spot problems like cancer spread, fractures, or infections.

Bone scintigraphy, also called a bone scan, is a painless test that uses a small amount of radioactive material injected into a vein to find areas of damage or abnormal activity in the bones. A special camera detects this material as it collects in the bones, helping doctors spot problems like cancer spread, fractures, or infections.

Bone tissue, also called osseous tissue, is the living material that makes up your bones. It includes a hard outer layer and a spongy inner layer with marrow that produces blood cells. Bone tissue is kept healthy by cells that build new bone and break down old bone. It contains blood vessels, nerves, proteins, vitamins, and minerals that help keep bones strong and working well.

Bone-seeking radioisotopes are radioactive medicines given through a vein that travel to bones and bone tumors. They release low-level radiation to help kill cancer cells that have spread to the bones. This treatment targets cancer in the bones while limiting radiation exposure to other parts of the body. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A booster is an extra dose of a vaccine given after the initial shots to help keep or strengthen your immune protection. In cancer care, boosters can be important because some treatments weaken the immune system, making infections more risky. Your healthcare team may recommend boosters like flu or COVID-19 vaccines during or after treatment to help keep you safer from infections.

Borderline breast disease (BBD) refers to changes in breast tissue that are not cancer but may increase the risk of developing breast cancer later. These changes include conditions like atypical ductal hyperplasia, atypical lobular hyperplasia, lobular carcinoma in situ, and complex sclerosing lesions (radial scars). If you have BBD, your healthcare team may recommend closer monitoring to watch for any signs of breast cancer.

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a serious mental health condition that causes unstable moods and impulsive actions. People with BPD often have trouble with relationships, work, and understanding themselves. Symptoms may include intense anger, depression, anxiety, and risky behaviors like self-harm or substance abuse. In cancer care, BPD can increase emotional challenges and the risk of suicide.

Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is an experimental cancer treatment that uses a drug containing boron, which collects mainly in tumor cells. Afterward, the patient receives neutron radiation that reacts with the boron to kill cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue. BNCT is being studied mainly for certain brain tumors and recurrent head and neck cancers and is usually available only through clinical trials or specialized centers.

Boron phenylalanine (BPA) is a substance used in a special radiation treatment called boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). It is injected into the bloodstream and collects mainly in cancer cells. When the patient receives neutron radiation, BPA helps target and kill tumor cells while protecting healthy cells nearby. It may also appear under related names such as BPA.

Boronophenylalanine-fructose complex (BPA-F) is a substance used in a special type of radiation treatment called boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). It is given through a vein and collects mainly in cancer cells. When neutron radiation is applied, the boron in BPA-F helps produce particles that kill tumor cells while sparing healthy cells nearby.

Bortezomib (also called Velcade or PS-341) is a medicine used to treat adults with certain blood cancers, including multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. It works by blocking enzymes called proteasomes, which helps stop cancer cells from growing and may kill them. Bortezomib is given by injection and is being studied for other cancers as well.

Bosulif (bosutinib) is a targeted medicine used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) that has a specific genetic change called the Philadelphia chromosome. It is approved for adults and children aged 1 year and older. Bosulif works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow and can be used for newly diagnosed patients or those who have not responded to other treatments.

Bosutinib (brand name Bosulif) is a targeted medicine used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in adults and children aged 1 year and older. It works by blocking proteins that help leukemia cells grow. Bosutinib is used for some newly diagnosed patients and for those who cannot take or did not respond to other treatments. It belongs to a group of drugs called tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Boswellia serrata, also called the frankincense tree, produces an amber-colored resin traditionally used for its anti-inflammatory effects. This resin has been applied to ease symptoms of arthritis, asthma, and ulcerative colitis. Researchers are also studying its possible role in treating brain tumors, but it is not a standard cancer treatment. Always talk with your healthcare team before using Boswellia serrata products during cancer care.

Botanical means something that comes from plants or is related to plants. In cancer care, this term often appears when discussing natural products, supplements, or treatments made from plant sources. Knowing this word can help you understand information about therapies, research, or safety concerns involving plant-based substances. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Botox is a medicine made from a toxin produced by bacteria. In small, controlled doses, it helps treat conditions like severe sweating, muscle spasms in the neck and shoulders, and facial wrinkles by relaxing muscles or blocking nerve signals. It is also being studied for pain relief in some non-cancerous skin tumors. Botox’s effects usually last several months and it is not a treatment for cancer itself.

Botulinum toxin A, also called Botox, is a medicine made from a toxin produced by bacteria. In very small, controlled doses, it helps treat conditions like severe sweating and muscle spasms. It’s also used to smooth facial wrinkles. Researchers are studying its use for pain relief in some non-cancerous skin tumors, but it is not a treatment for cancer itself.

Botulinum toxin type A, also called Botox, is a medicine made from a toxin produced by bacteria. In very small, controlled doses, it helps treat conditions like severe sweating and muscle spasms. It’s also used to smooth facial wrinkles. Researchers are studying its use for pain relief in some non-cancerous skin tumors. Botox is not a treatment for cancer itself but may help manage symptoms during cancer care.

The bowel, also called the intestine, is a long tube in the abdomen that helps finish digestion. It has two parts: the small bowel and the large bowel. The bowel processes food and waste, and cancers can develop in different parts, such as small intestine cancer or colorectal cancer. Knowing about the bowel helps patients understand symptoms and treatments related to digestive cancers.

Bowel function describes how well your intestines work, including how often you have bowel movements, your ability to control them, and whether your stools are hard (constipation) or loose (diarrhea). Cancer and its treatments can affect bowel function, so your care team may ask about changes to help manage your health and comfort.

A bowel movement is the process of passing stool, which is waste made from undigested food and cells, through the intestines and out of the body. It’s a normal part of digestion. Changes like diarrhea or constipation can happen and may signal health issues, so it’s important to share any changes with your healthcare team.

Bowel obstruction, also called intestinal obstruction, is a blockage in the small or large intestine that stops food, liquids, gas, and stool from moving normally. It can be caused by cancer, scar tissue, inflammation, or other conditions. Symptoms include belly pain, swelling, constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, and trouble passing gas. It needs quick medical care.

Bowen disease is a skin condition that causes rough, scaly, or thickened patches, often on sun-exposed areas like the face or hands. It is more common in older white men and can be linked to long-term arsenic exposure. These patches are considered precancerous, meaning they might develop into skin cancer if not treated. Bowen disease is also called precancerous dermatitis or precancerous dermatosis.

Bowman-Birk Inhibitor Concentrate (BBIC) is a natural substance made from soybeans that is being studied for its potential to help prevent cancer. It works by blocking enzymes called proteases that cancer cells need to grow. BBIC is not yet an approved treatment but is being researched in clinical trials focused on cancer prevention.

Box breathing is a simple breathing exercise where you breathe in, hold your breath, breathe out, and hold again, each for the same amount of time—often four seconds. It helps calm the mind and body, reduce stress, and improve focus. In cancer care, it is used as a gentle tool to help manage anxiety, breathlessness, and fatigue during treatment or recovery.

BPA, or boron phenylalanine, is a substance used in a special type of radiation treatment called boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). It is injected into the bloodstream and collects mainly in cancer cells. When neutron radiation is given, BPA helps target and kill tumor cells while protecting healthy tissue nearby.

BPA-F, or boronophenylalanine-fructose complex, is a substance used in a special radiation treatment called boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). It is injected into the bloodstream and collects mainly in tumor cells. When neutron radiation is applied, the boron in BPA-F helps produce particles that kill cancer cells while sparing nearby healthy tissue.

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a serious mental health condition that causes unstable moods and impulsive behaviors. People with BPD often struggle with relationships, work, and understanding themselves. Symptoms can include intense anger, depression, anxiety, and risky actions like self-harm or substance abuse. For cancer patients, BPD may increase emotional challenges and the risk of suicide.

BPDCN (Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm) is a rare, fast-growing cancer that mainly affects the blood, bone marrow, and skin. It often causes red-brown or deep purple skin spots or lumps and can also involve lymph nodes, the spleen, and the central nervous system. BPDCN mostly occurs in older adults and can be hard to diagnose and treat.

BPH, or benign prostatic hyperplasia, is a common, non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland in older men. It can press on the bladder and urethra, causing urinary symptoms like frequent urination, weak flow, or waking at night to urinate. BPH does not increase prostate cancer risk but may lead to urinary problems if untreated.

BPU, also called benzoylphenylurea, is a substance being studied as a possible cancer treatment. It belongs to a group of drugs called antitubulin agents that work by affecting cell structures important for cancer cell growth. Research is ongoing to understand its safety and effectiveness, and it is not yet a standard treatment.

Brachial plexopathy is a condition where the nerves that control the shoulder, arm, and hand are damaged or not working properly. This can cause numbness, tingling, pain, weakness, or trouble moving the arm or hand. It may happen because of cancer or cancer treatments and can affect daily activities. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that starts in the neck and extends through the shoulder to the arm and hand. These nerves control movement and feeling in these areas. Damage to the brachial plexus can cause weakness, numbness, or pain in the arm or hand. In cancer care, tumors or treatments near these nerves may affect their function.

Brachytherapy is a type of radiation treatment where small radioactive sources are placed directly into or near a tumor. This allows radiation to target cancer cells closely, often reducing damage to nearby healthy tissue. It is commonly used for cancers like prostate and cervical cancer and is delivered by a specialized medical team to ensure safety and effectiveness.

BRAF (V600E) kinase inhibitor RO5185426, also called vemurafenib or Zelboraf, is a targeted cancer drug used to treat certain cancers with a specific BRAF gene mutation. It helps block proteins made by this mutated gene to slow or stop cancer growth. It is approved for advanced melanoma and Erdheim-Chester disease and is being studied for other cancers.

The BRAF gene makes a protein that helps control cell growth by sending signals inside cells. Changes in this gene, called mutations, can cause cells to grow and spread too much, which can lead to cancer. These mutations are found in several cancers, including melanoma, lung, and colon cancers. Testing for BRAF mutations helps doctors choose treatments, including targeted drugs designed to block these changes.

A BRAF kinase inhibitor is a medicine that blocks a protein called BRAF, which helps control cell growth. Some cancers have changes in BRAF that make cells grow too fast. These drugs target the mutated BRAF to help stop cancer growth. They are used in treating cancers like melanoma and colorectal cancer when a BRAF mutation is present.

The BRAF V600 mutation is a change in the BRAF gene that causes an abnormal protein leading to uncontrolled cell growth. It is often found in melanoma and some other cancers. Testing for this mutation helps doctors choose treatments, including targeted drugs that may stop cancer growth or kill cancer cells.

Braftovi (also called encorafenib) is a targeted cancer drug used with other medicines to treat certain colorectal cancers, melanomas, and non-small cell lung cancers that have a specific change in the BRAF gene. It works by blocking proteins made by this mutated gene to help stop cancer cells from growing. Braftovi is also being studied for use in other cancers.

The brain is the organ inside your head that controls all body functions. It is made of billions of nerve cells and is protected by the skull. The brain has three main parts: the cerebrum, which handles thinking and movement; the cerebellum, which controls balance; and the brain stem, which manages vital functions like breathing and heart rate.

Brain metastasis happens when cancer cells spread from their original site to the brain, forming new tumors there. This means the cancer has moved beyond where it started. Brain metastases can affect brain function and may cause symptoms like headaches or seizures. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers recognize how cancer can impact the brain and influence treatment choices.

The brain stem is the lowest part of the brain, located just above the spinal cord at the back of the neck. It controls vital functions like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure, as well as movements and senses such as seeing, hearing, walking, talking, and eating. Some rare brain tumors, like diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), can develop here.

The Brain Stem Auditory Evoked Response Test (also called ABR or BAER test) is a painless hearing test that uses small electrodes placed on the head to measure how the brain’s hearing nerves respond to clicking sounds or tones. It helps detect hearing loss caused by nerve damage, injuries, or tumors near the brainstem that affect hearing nerves.

Brain stem glioma is a tumor that starts in the brain stem from glial cells, which support nerve cells. Most brain stem gliomas are called diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs), which grow quickly and are hard to treat. These tumors mainly affect children and can impact vital functions controlled by the brain stem, such as breathing and muscle movement.

A brain stem tumor is a growth in the brain stem, the part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord and controls vital functions like breathing, heart rate, and movement. These tumors can cause symptoms such as trouble moving the eyes, balance problems, or difficulty swallowing. Brain stem tumors need careful medical attention because they affect essential body functions.

A brain tumor is an abnormal growth of cells in the brain. Tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They may start in the brain (primary) or spread there from other parts of the body (metastatic). Symptoms vary and can include headaches, nausea, balance problems, or seizures. Diagnosis often involves imaging tests and sometimes biopsy. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies.

Brassica vegetables, also called cruciferous vegetables, include broccoli, cabbage, kale, cauliflower, and similar greens. They contain natural compounds that may help protect cells and support health. Eating these vegetables is part of a balanced diet and may be encouraged during cancer care to promote overall well-being. It may also appear under related names such as Cruciferous Vegetable.

Brazil nuts are edible seeds from a South American tree, valued for nutrients like selenium, healthy fats, and protein. In cancer care, they may be part of nutrition support to help maintain strength, manage symptoms, or improve treatment tolerance. Their use depends on individual health, cancer type, and treatment, and should always be guided by the healthcare team.

The BRCA1 gene helps repair damaged DNA in cells. Changes (mutations) in this gene can increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer, and may also raise the risk for other cancers like prostate and pancreatic cancer. Knowing about BRCA1 can help guide cancer risk assessment and prevention. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

The BRCA2 gene helps repair damaged DNA in cells. Changes (mutations) in this gene can increase the risk of breast, ovarian, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. Knowing about BRCA2 can help guide cancer risk assessment, screening, and prevention choices. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Brcapro is a computer program that estimates the chance a person has inherited changes in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. These gene changes can increase the risk of breast, ovarian, prostate, and other cancers. Brcapro uses personal and family history of breast and ovarian cancer to help predict this risk and guide decisions about genetic testing.

Breakthrough pain, also called pain flare, is a sudden, intense increase in pain that happens even when chronic pain is being managed. It usually lasts a short time and feels like the usual pain but stronger. It can happen in people with cancer or other long-term pain conditions and may be triggered by stress, activity, or when pain medicine starts to wear off.

The breast, also called the mammary gland, is an organ on the chest made of connective tissue, fat, and milk-producing glands. It plays a key role in breastfeeding and is a common site for cancer, especially in women. Knowing about the breast’s structure and changes can help with early detection and care of breast conditions, including breast cancer.

A breast biopsy clip is a tiny metal marker placed inside the breast during a biopsy to mark where tissue was taken. It stays in the breast and shows up on future imaging tests like mammograms. The clip is safe, does not cause pain, and helps doctors find the biopsy site later if more tests or treatment are needed.

A breast biopsy marker, also called a breast biopsy clip, is a tiny metal piece placed inside the breast during a biopsy to mark where tissue was taken. It stays in the breast permanently and shows up on future imaging tests like mammograms. The marker does not cause pain or harm and helps doctors find the biopsy site later if more tests or treatment are needed.

Breast cancer is a disease where cells in the breast grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor. It most often starts in the milk ducts or milk-producing glands. While it mainly affects women, men can also get breast cancer. Early detection through screening tests like mammograms can help find breast cancer before it spreads, improving treatment options.

Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP) is a protein found in many normal tissues like the intestine, liver, brain, and placenta. It helps move substances, including drugs, in and out of cells. Some cancer cells have higher levels of BCRP, which can make them resistant to certain anticancer drugs, meaning those drugs might not work as well.

Breast carcinoma in situ is a condition where abnormal cells are found in the breast but have not spread beyond their original location. It includes ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), where cells are inside the milk ducts, and Paget disease of the nipple, affecting the nipple skin. Sometimes called stage 0 breast cancer, it is not invasive but may increase the risk of invasive breast cancer later.

A breast columnar cell lesion is a common finding from a breast biopsy where the usual square-shaped cells lining the milk glands are replaced by taller, column-shaped cells. These changes are not cancer but may be linked to a slightly higher risk of certain breast conditions or breast cancer. It often appears with small calcium deposits and helps doctors decide on follow-up care.

A breast cyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms in breast tissue. It often feels like a smooth, round or oval lump that moves easily under the skin. Breast cysts are common, especially in women before menopause or those on hormone therapy, and are usually not cancerous. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Breast density describes the amount of dense tissue (glandular and fibrous) compared to fatty tissue in the breast, as seen on a mammogram. Dense breasts are common and can make it harder to spot tumors on mammograms. Having dense breast tissue is also linked to a higher risk of breast cancer, but it is not a disease.

Breast ducts, also called milk ducts, are tiny tubes inside the breast that carry milk from milk-producing glands (lobules) to the nipple. They are a normal part of breast anatomy and important for breastfeeding. Some breast cancers start in these ducts, so understanding them can help you better follow your care and tests.

Breast duct ectasia is a non-cancerous condition where a milk duct under the nipple becomes wider and thicker. This can block the duct and cause fluid buildup. Many people have no symptoms, but some notice thick nipple discharge or redness and tenderness near the nipple. It most often occurs in women near or after menopause.

Breast duct endoscopy is a procedure that uses a thin, flexible, lighted tube with a camera to look inside the milk ducts of the breast through the nipple. It helps doctors check for abnormal tissue and can collect samples for testing. This close look at the ducts can find early changes or problems that other tests might miss.

Breast fibrosis is a noncancerous condition where thick, scar-like tissue forms in the breast. These areas often feel firm, rubbery, or hard under the skin. It commonly occurs in younger women and may come with other breast changes like cysts, swelling, or nipple discharge. Breast fibrosis does not increase the risk of breast cancer and usually does not require cancer treatment.

BI-RADS (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System) is a tool doctors use to describe breast imaging results like mammograms, ultrasounds, or MRIs. It sorts findings into seven categories, from normal to highly suspicious for cancer, and includes breast density levels. This helps guide what follow-up steps or tests might be needed.

A breast implant is a soft sac filled with silicone gel or saline placed under the chest muscle to rebuild the shape of a breast. It is often used after a mastectomy, which is surgery to remove breast tissue due to cancer or other conditions. Breast implants help restore breast appearance and can be part of breast reconstruction surgery.

A breast lobe is a section of the breast made up of smaller glands called lobules, which produce milk. These lobes and lobules are connected by ducts that carry milk to the nipple. Understanding breast lobes helps explain how breast tissue is organized and why certain areas may be involved in breast conditions, including cancer.

A breast lobule is a small gland inside the breast that produces milk. Each breast has several lobes, and each lobe contains many lobules. Some breast cancers start in these lobules, so understanding them can help patients better follow their diagnosis and treatment. The term often appears in medical reports about breast health and cancer.

Breast pain, also called mastalgia, is discomfort or pain in one or both breasts. It can be mild or severe and may affect a small area or the entire breast, including under the arm. Breast pain often relates to hormone changes during the menstrual cycle but can have other causes. It is rarely linked to breast cancer.

Breast reconstruction is surgery to rebuild the shape of the breast after a mastectomy, which removes breast tissue to treat or prevent breast cancer. It can use implants or tissue from other body parts and may be done during or after mastectomy. Some women choose not to have reconstruction and use breast forms or padding instead.

A breast self-exam (BSE) is a way for a person to check their own breasts by feeling for lumps or changes. It helps people learn how their breasts normally look and feel so they can notice any differences. However, research shows that doing BSEs does not lower the risk of dying from breast cancer and may lead to extra tests or procedures that might not be needed.

Breast-conserving surgery is an operation that removes breast cancer or abnormal tissue while keeping most of the breast intact. It often includes removing some healthy tissue around the cancer and may involve taking lymph nodes from under the arm to check for spread. This surgery is also called lumpectomy, partial mastectomy, or breast-sparing surgery.

Breast-sparing surgery is an operation that removes breast cancer or abnormal tissue while keeping most of the breast intact. It often includes removing some healthy tissue around the tumor and sometimes nearby lymph nodes. This surgery is also called breast-conserving surgery, lumpectomy, partial mastectomy, quadrantectomy, or segmental mastectomy. It may also appear under related names such as Breast-Conserving Surgery, Lumpectomy, Partial Mastectomy, Quadrantectomy, And Segmental Mastectomy.

The breastbone, also called the sternum, is a long, flat bone located in the center front of your chest. It connects to the collarbone and the first seven ribs, forming part of the chest wall. This bone helps protect important organs like the heart and lungs and serves as a key landmark in chest anatomy.

Breastfeeding, also called nursing, is feeding a baby breast milk directly from the mother’s breast or from a bottle after pumping. Breast milk provides important nutrients and antibodies that help babies grow and protect them from infections. Breastfeeding can also offer health benefits for the mother and may be discussed in cancer care when planning treatment or assessing health risks.

Sunfood or Breatharian-Adjacent Diets are nutrition approaches sometimes discussed in cancer care. They focus on nutrition, metabolism, inflammation, digestion, immune support, and treatment tolerance. These diets may be mentioned in relation to alternative cancer treatments, but strong claims about curing cancer or replacing standard care are not supported by solid evidence. Patients should discuss any such diet with their healthcare team before use.

Brentuximab vedotin (brand name Adcetris) is a targeted cancer medicine used to treat certain lymphomas, including classic Hodgkin lymphoma and some T-cell lymphomas. It works by attaching to cancer cells with a protein called CD30 and delivering a drug that helps kill those cells. It can be used alone or with other treatments in adults and children aged 2 years and older.

Breslow Depth, also called Breslow Thickness, measures how deeply a melanoma skin cancer tumor has grown into the skin. It is the distance from the top of the tumor to its deepest point, or from the base of an ulcer if the skin is broken. This measurement helps doctors understand the stage of melanoma and guide treatment decisions.

Breslow Thickness, also called Breslow Depth, measures how deeply a melanoma skin cancer tumor has grown into the skin. It is the distance from the top of the tumor to its deepest point, or from the base of an ulcer if the skin is broken. This measurement helps doctors understand the cancer’s stage and plan treatment.

The Breuss Cancer Cure Diet is a nutrition plan sometimes mentioned in cancer care discussions. It focuses on supporting nutrition, metabolism, digestion, and immune health. While some promote it as an alternative cancer treatment, it is not proven to cure cancer and should be carefully evaluated with your healthcare team before use alongside standard treatments.

Brexucabtagene autoleucel, also called Tecartus, is a personalized treatment for adults with certain blood cancers like mantle cell lymphoma and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia when these cancers return or do not respond to other treatments. It uses the patient’s own immune cells, which are changed in a lab to better find and attack cancer cells, then given back to the patient through an infusion.

Breyanzi (lisocabtagene maraleucel) is a personalized CAR T-cell therapy used to treat certain blood cancers in adults, including some types of lymphoma and leukemia that have returned or not improved after other treatments. It works by changing a patient’s own immune cells to better find and attack cancer cells. It may also appear under related names such as Lisocabtagene Maraleucel.

The Brief Pain Inventory is a simple questionnaire that helps doctors understand how much pain a patient is feeling and how that pain affects daily life. It is often used in cancer care to track pain levels and guide treatment decisions, making it easier for patients to communicate about their pain.

Brigatinib (brand name Alunbrig) is a targeted medicine used to treat adults with a type of lung cancer called ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that has spread. It works by blocking proteins made by the ALK gene, which helps slow or stop cancer growth. Brigatinib is taken as a pill and is also being studied for other cancers.

Brivanib alaninate is an experimental drug studied for cancer treatment. It works by blocking the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. This type of medicine is called an antiangiogenesis agent and targets a protein called VEGFR2. It is not yet a standard treatment but may be offered in clinical trials.

Brivudine is an antiviral drug studied for treating infections caused by herpesviruses, such as shingles (herpes-zoster). It may be mentioned in cancer care when managing viral infections in patients with weakened immune systems, but it is not yet a standard treatment. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

BRM therapy, also called biological therapy or biotherapy, uses substances made from living organisms to help treat cancer. These treatments work by boosting or calming the immune system, directly attacking cancer cells, or reducing side effects from other treatments. BRM therapy includes immunotherapy and some targeted therapies and is often part of a cancer treatment plan.

The broad ligament is a wide, flat layer of tissue that connects the sides of the uterus to the walls and floor of the pelvis. It supports the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes, and contains important blood vessels and nerves. This structure is often mentioned in discussions about gynecologic cancers and their treatment.

Broccoli sprout extract is a natural product made from young broccoli plants. It is being studied for its possible role in helping prevent cancer by encouraging the body to produce protective enzymes and potentially slowing cancer cell growth. While promising, it is not a proven treatment and remains part of ongoing research.

Bromelain is an enzyme found in pineapples that helps break down proteins and may reduce inflammation. It is sometimes discussed in cancer care for its potential to ease swelling or discomfort, but it is not a cancer treatment. Always talk with your healthcare team before using bromelain supplements, as they can affect medications and treatment plans.

Bronchi are the large airways that carry air from the windpipe (trachea) into the lungs. They are important parts of the breathing system and may be mentioned in cancer care when discussing lung health or lung-related conditions. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Bronchial refers to the bronchi, the larger airways in the lungs that carry air from the windpipe into the lungs. These tubes branch inside the lungs to help with breathing. The term bronchial is often used when discussing lung health, lung diseases, or cancers involving these air passages. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Bronchial adenoma is a type of cancer that starts in the bronchi, the large airways that carry air from the windpipe into the lungs. These air passages are important for breathing, so cancer here can affect lung function. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers know where the cancer is located and why it might impact breathing.

A bronchial brush biopsy is a procedure that collects cells from the airways inside the lungs using a thin, flexible tube called a bronchoscope. A small brush at the end gently scrapes cells from the airway lining. These cells are examined under a microscope to check for lung cancer or other lung conditions. It is a less invasive test that helps doctors diagnose lung problems.

Bronchial brushing is a procedure that collects cells from the airways inside the lungs using a thin, flexible tube called a bronchoscope. A small brush gently scrapes cells from the airway lining. These cells are examined under a microscope to help find lung cancer or other lung conditions. It is often done during a bronchoscopy and is generally safe and well tolerated.

Bronchial washing is a procedure that collects cells from the airways leading to the lungs. A thin, flexible tube called a bronchoscope is gently inserted through the nose or mouth, and a mild saltwater solution is washed over the airway surfaces to gather cells. These cells are examined under a microscope to help find infections or detect cancer or early changes in lung cells.

Bronchioles are the smallest airways in the lungs that branch off from larger tubes called bronchi. They carry air deep into the lungs, leading to tiny air sacs where oxygen enters the blood. Understanding bronchioles helps explain how lung diseases, including some lung cancers, can affect breathing and lung function.

Bronchiolitis obliterans is a lung condition where the smallest airways, called bronchioles, become inflamed and blocked. This causes scar tissue to form, making it hard to breathe. It can happen after breathing in harmful gases or particles, or after certain organ or stem cell transplants. Symptoms include coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.

Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi, the large airways that carry air into your lungs. It can cause coughing, mucus, and trouble breathing. In cancer care, bronchitis may happen as a side effect of treatment or from lung-related symptoms. Knowing about bronchitis helps you recognize breathing issues and talk with your healthcare team.

A bronchodilator is a medicine that helps open the small airways in the lungs, making it easier to breathe. These medicines are often inhaled and used to treat breathing problems like asthma or emphysema. In cancer care, bronchodilators may be used to relieve breathing difficulties caused by lung conditions or side effects of cancer treatments.

Bronchogenic carcinoma is a type of lung cancer that starts in the cells lining the airways of the lungs. It includes both small cell and non-small cell lung cancers. This cancer affects breathing passages and is often linked to smoking and exposure to harmful substances. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A bronchoscope is a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera that doctors use to look inside the airways and lungs. It helps examine the windpipe and main air passages, and can also collect small tissue samples to check for lung problems like infections or cancer. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Bronchoscopy is a procedure that uses a thin, flexible tube called a bronchoscope to look inside the airways and lungs. The bronchoscope has a light and camera to help doctors see the trachea and bronchi. It can also collect small tissue samples to check for diseases like cancer. The tube is gently inserted through the nose or mouth during the exam.

The bronchus is a large airway that carries air from the windpipe (trachea) into each lung. It plays a key role in breathing and is often mentioned in lung health and cancer care. The plural form is bronchi. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Brooke-Spiegler Syndrome (BSS) is a rare inherited condition where noncancerous tumors develop in hair follicles and sweat glands, mainly on the head and neck. These tumors can grow larger and multiply over time, sometimes affecting vision, hearing, and other functions. People with BSS have a higher risk of certain skin and salivary gland cancers.

Brostallicin Hydrochloride is an experimental drug studied for cancer treatment. It works by attaching to DNA in cancer cells, which may help kill them or improve the effects of other cancer medicines. It is not yet a standard treatment and is usually available only through clinical trials. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Brown's Gas and Molecular Hydrogen refer to gases or inhaled mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen discussed in some alternative health circles for cancer-related uses. Claims include reducing inflammation and improving energy, but these are not supported by solid medical evidence. Such approaches are not part of standard cancer care and should be discussed carefully with your healthcare team before use.

Broxuridine is a drug that helps make cancer cells more sensitive to radiation therapy, potentially improving treatment effects. It is also used as a diagnostic tool to measure how quickly cancer cells are growing, which can help doctors plan and monitor treatment. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Brukinsa (zanubrutinib) is a targeted medicine used to treat certain blood cancers in adults, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, small lymphocytic lymphoma, and some types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It works by blocking a protein that helps cancer cells grow. Brukinsa can be used alone or with other drugs and is also being studied for other cancers.

Bryostatin 1 is a natural substance from a sea creature being studied for cancer and brain conditions like Alzheimer’s and stroke. It works by affecting an enzyme involved in cell growth and may help some cancer drugs work better. It is not yet a standard treatment but is being tested in clinical trials.

BSE, or breast self-exam, is a way for a person to check their own breasts by feeling for lumps or other changes. It helps people learn how their breasts normally look and feel. However, research shows that doing BSEs does not lower the risk of dying from breast cancer and may lead to extra tests or procedures that might not be needed.

BSH, also known as sodium borocaptate, is a drug used in a special radiation treatment called boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). It is given through a vein and collects mainly in tumor cells. When combined with neutron radiation, BSH helps produce particles that kill cancer cells while protecting healthy tissue.

BSI-201, also called iniparib, is an experimental drug being studied as a possible treatment for some types of cancer. It may help kill cancer cells but is not yet approved as a standard treatment. Patients might hear about BSI-201 in clinical trials or research studies, where its safety and effectiveness are still being evaluated.

Brooke-Spiegler Syndrome (BSS) is a rare inherited condition where noncancerous tumors develop in hair follicles and sweat glands, mainly on the head and neck. These tumors can grow larger and multiply over time, sometimes affecting vision, hearing, and other functions. People with BSS have a higher risk of certain skin and salivary gland cancers.

A BTK inhibitor is a medicine that blocks a protein called Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK), which helps certain white blood cells called B cells grow and mature. By blocking BTK, these drugs can help slow or stop the growth of some cancers involving B cells, such as certain lymphomas and leukemias. BTK inhibitors are targeted therapies used as part of cancer treatment plans.

The buccal mucosa is the soft, moist inner lining of the cheeks inside the mouth. It helps protect the mouth and supports everyday activities like chewing and speaking. In cancer care, this area may be mentioned when discussing oral cancers or treatments affecting the mouth. Knowing this term can help you understand where a diagnosis or treatment might be focused.

A bucket trial, also called a basket trial, is a type of clinical study that tests a new treatment in patients with different cancers that share the same genetic change or biomarker. Everyone in the trial receives the same targeted treatment aimed at that specific mutation, regardless of where the cancer started in the body.

Buddhist Vegetarian Diets are plant-based eating patterns inspired by Buddhist teachings that avoid meat and often include vegetables, fruits, grains, and legumes. Some people with cancer explore these diets to support nutrition, reduce inflammation, or improve treatment tolerance. While they may help overall well-being, these diets are not proven cancer treatments. Always talk with your healthcare team before making diet changes during cancer care.

Budesonide is a steroid medicine often used to treat asthma and nasal allergies by reducing inflammation in the airways and nose. While it is not a standard cancer treatment, it is sometimes studied or used to help manage symptoms or side effects related to cancer or its treatments. Budesonide comes in forms like inhalers and nasal sprays and works by calming swelling and irritation.

The Budwig Diet, also called the Budwig Protocol, is a special eating plan some people use hoping to help with cancer. It focuses on certain fats and foods like flaxseed oil mixed with cottage cheese. However, there is no scientific proof that it improves cancer outcomes. Medical experts warn it may cause malnutrition or harm and should never replace standard cancer treatments.

The Budwig Diet, also called the Budwig Protocol, is a special eating plan some people use during cancer care. It focuses on mixing flaxseed oil with cottage cheese and eating fruits and vegetables while avoiding animal fats and processed foods. Although some believe it supports health and treatment tolerance, there is no scientific proof it cures cancer. It should never replace standard cancer treatments.

The Budwig Diet, also called the Budwig Protocol, is an alternative eating plan some people use during cancer care. It focuses on mixing flaxseed oil with low-fat cottage cheese and eating fruits and vegetables while avoiding animal fats and processed foods. There is no scientific proof it improves cancer outcomes, and it should never replace standard cancer treatments. Patients should discuss any diet changes with their healthcare team.

The Budwig Protocol, also called the Budwig Diet, is an alternative cancer diet developed in the 1950s. It centers on eating freshly blended flaxseed oil mixed with low-fat cottage cheese or quark, along with whole foods, sun exposure, walking, and detox practices. While it includes healthy habits, it has not been proven to treat or prevent cancer and should not replace standard cancer care.

Bugbane, also called black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to eastern North America. Extracts from its root have been traditionally used to ease menopausal symptoms like hot flashes. It is sometimes used by women undergoing cancer treatment to help manage these symptoms but is not approved by the FDA to treat cancer or other medical conditions.

Bugwort, also called black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to eastern North America. Extracts from its root have traditionally been used to ease menopausal symptoms like hot flashes. It is sometimes used by women undergoing cancer treatment to help manage these symptoms but is not approved by the FDA to treat cancer or other medical conditions.

Bulbar conjunctivitis, also called episcleritis, is inflammation of the thin tissue covering the white part of the eye (the sclera). It can cause redness, swelling, mild pain, tenderness, and sensitivity to light. The cause is often unknown but may be linked to inflammatory conditions like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis. It usually does not affect vision and often improves without treatment.

A bulk-forming agent is a substance, often fiber from foods like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, that adds bulk and water to stool. This helps stool move more easily through the intestines, making bowel movements smoother and more regular. Bulk-forming agents are commonly used to relieve constipation and support digestive health, especially during cancer treatment when constipation can be a side effect.

Bumel, also called the BuMel regimen, is a chemotherapy treatment combining two drugs, busulfan and melphalan hydrochloride. It is mainly used to prepare patients with high-risk neuroblastoma—a cancer often affecting children—before a stem cell transplant. This combination helps clear cancer cells and make room for new stem cells. Bumel is also being studied for other cancers.

The Bumel Regimen, also called BuMel, is a chemotherapy treatment that combines two drugs, busulfan and melphalan hydrochloride. It is mainly used to prepare patients with high-risk neuroblastoma—a cancer often affecting children—for a stem cell transplant. This treatment helps destroy cancer cells and makes space for new stem cells to grow after transplant. Researchers are also studying it for other cancers.

BUN, or blood urea nitrogen, is a waste product made when the body breaks down protein. The kidneys normally remove BUN from the blood and send it to the urine. High BUN levels may suggest kidney problems. Doctors often check BUN during cancer care to monitor kidney health, especially when treatments might affect kidney function.

Bupivacaine Hydrochloride is a local anesthetic medicine used to numb a specific area of the body and relieve pain by blocking nerve signals. Known by brand names like Marcaine or Sensorcaine, it is often used during and after surgeries, including cancer-related operations, to help manage pain in the treated area.

Buprenorphine hydrochloride is a medicine used to relieve moderate to severe pain and to help people with opioid use disorder by reducing cravings and withdrawal symptoms. It works by attaching to opioid receptors in the brain and nervous system, which blocks pain signals and changes how the body feels pain. It is one option for managing cancer-related pain under medical supervision.

Bupropion hydrochloride is a medicine used to treat depression and help people stop smoking. It works by increasing brain chemicals that improve mood and reduce nicotine cravings. You may know it by brand names like Wellbutrin or Zyban. In cancer care, it can support emotional health and assist with quitting tobacco, which may improve treatment and quality of life.

Burdock is a plant, also called Happy Major or Lappa, whose root and seeds have been used in traditional medicine. It may have antioxidant properties and is sometimes mentioned in discussions about natural or complementary approaches to cancer care. However, burdock is not a standard or proven cancer treatment. It may also appear under related names such as Happy Major, Lappa.

Burkitt leukemia is a rare and fast-growing blood cancer where too many B lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, build up in the blood and bone marrow. It can start as Burkitt lymphoma in the lymph nodes and then spread, or begin directly in the blood and bone marrow. It is linked to infection with the Epstein-Barr virus.

Burkitt lymphoma is a fast-growing cancer that starts in B cells, a type of immune cell. It mainly affects children and young adults and can involve areas like the jaw, brain, intestines, kidneys, or ovaries. There are three main types: sporadic (worldwide), endemic (mostly in Africa), and immunodeficiency-related (often linked to weakened immune systems such as AIDS).

Burping, also called belching or eructation, is when air or gas is released from the stomach or esophagus through the mouth. It often happens after swallowing too much air during activities like eating or drinking quickly, talking while eating, drinking fizzy drinks, chewing gum, or smoking. Burping can also be linked to some digestive conditions or side effects of medicines.

A burr hole is a small, round opening made in the skull using a surgical drill. It helps doctors access the brain safely, often to diagnose or treat brain tumors or to relieve pressure inside the skull caused by swelling or bleeding. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Bursitis is swelling and pain caused by inflammation of a bursa, a small fluid-filled sac that cushions bones and nearby muscles or tendons. It often happens from overusing a joint, injury, or conditions like arthritis. Common areas affected include the shoulder, knee, elbow, hip, and foot. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Buserelin is a medicine used mainly to treat prostate cancer by lowering testosterone, a hormone that can help cancer grow. It belongs to a group called gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) and is usually given as an injection or nasal spray. Buserelin is part of hormone therapy that helps control cancer growth by reducing hormone levels.

Buspirone is a medication used to treat anxiety disorders. In cancer care, it may help manage anxiety related to diagnosis, treatment, or recovery. It is different from some other anxiety drugs because it usually causes fewer side effects and has less risk of dependence. Patients and caregivers can discuss buspirone with their healthcare team to understand its role in supporting emotional well-being during cancer care.

Busulfan is a chemotherapy drug mainly used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). It works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells to help stop their growth. Busulfan is also used with other medicines to prepare patients for stem cell transplants and is being studied for other cancers. It is available as oral tablets or intravenous infusion under brand names like Myleran and Busulfex.

Busulfex is a chemotherapy drug containing busulfan, mainly used to prepare patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) for a donor stem cell transplant. It works by damaging the DNA of cells to help stop cancer growth. Busulfex is part of a group called alkylating agents and is also being studied for other cancers.

Butane is a colorless, flammable gas used as fuel in lighters, gasoline, and some aerosol sprays. It is also one of many harmful chemicals found in tobacco smoke. Knowing about butane helps understand some of the substances linked to tobacco-related health risks, including cancer. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Buteyko Breathing is a gentle breathing technique that focuses on nasal breathing and taking smaller breaths to help control breath and reduce stress. Originally created for asthma, some people with cancer use it to ease symptoms like anxiety, breathlessness, and fatigue. It is not a treatment for cancer itself but may support comfort during cancer care. Always talk with your healthcare provider before trying it.

Buthionine Sulfoximine is a drug being studied to help prevent cancer cells from becoming resistant to some anticancer treatments. It is not a standard treatment but may be used in research or clinical trials to improve how well cancer medicines work over time. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

The buttock is one of two rounded, fleshy areas located behind the pelvis. Made up of fat and strong muscles, the buttocks support your body when sitting and help move your hips and thighs. In cancer care, the buttocks may be involved in surgeries or treatments, such as breast reconstruction using tissue from this area.

A bypass is a surgery that creates a new pathway for body fluids like blood or digestive juices to flow around a blockage or damaged area. In cancer care, bypass surgery can help relieve symptoms or improve organ function when tumors or treatments block normal pathways. It is not a cure but a way to improve comfort and quality of life.