Vulvar Cancer

What Vulvar Cancer Means

Vulvar cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the vulva, the external female genital organs. This includes areas like the vaginal lips (labia), clitoris, and the opening to the vagina. It usually develops slowly over several years. Often, it begins as abnormal or precancerous changes in the vulvar skin called vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN). Not all VIN turns into cancer, but it is important to monitor and treat these changes early.

Why Vulvar Cancer Matters

Although vulvar cancer is rare, it can cause symptoms that affect daily life, such as itching, pain, bleeding, or visible lumps or sores. Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus spread through sexual contact, is a major cause of many vulvar cancers. Other risk factors include smoking, older age, and certain chronic skin conditions. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent the cancer from spreading and to improve outcomes.

Signs and Symptoms Patients May Notice

People with vulvar cancer might notice persistent itching, burning, pain, or tenderness in the vulva. There may be bleeding not related to menstrual periods, changes in skin color, or growths that look like warts or sores. Sometimes a lump or ulcer appears on the vulva. Because these symptoms can be caused by many conditions, it is important to see a healthcare provider for proper evaluation.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Doctors diagnose vulvar cancer through a physical exam and by taking a small tissue sample (biopsy) from the vulva to look for cancer cells. Additional tests may be done to see if the cancer has spread. Treatment depends on the size and stage of the cancer and may include surgery to remove the cancer, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or biologic therapy that helps the immune system fight cancer. Your healthcare team will discuss the best options based on your individual health and cancer details.

Understanding HPV and Prevention

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is linked to about half of vulvar cancers. Some types of HPV cause genital warts, while others can lead to cancers. Vaccines like Gardasil and Gardasil 9 can protect against the HPV types most commonly linked to vulvar and other genital cancers. Vaccination is most effective when given before exposure to HPV, usually before sexual activity begins. Even with vaccination, regular check-ups and reporting any symptoms are important.

How to Use This Information

This information is meant to help you understand what vulvar cancer is and what it might mean for you or a loved one. It does not replace medical advice. If you or someone you care for has symptoms or a diagnosis of vulvar cancer, talk with your healthcare team about what this means for your specific situation. They can explain test results, treatment choices, and what to expect during care.

Next Steps for Patients and Caregivers

If you notice symptoms like persistent vulvar itching, pain, bleeding, or lumps, see a healthcare provider for evaluation. If diagnosed with vulvar cancer, ask your care team about treatment options, possible side effects, and support services. Understanding your diagnosis and treatment plan can help you make informed decisions and get the care you need. Remember, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes.