Hover over a term you want explained. If you need more details, then click on the term and a new tab will open with a full details page.
Melanoma is a type of cancer that begins in melanocytes, the cells that produce melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. Most melanomas start in the skin, often in or near a mole, but they can also develop in other pigmented tissues such as the eye or, more rarely, the intestines. Melanoma is less common than other skin cancers like basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma, but it is more aggressive and more likely to spread to other parts of the body if not caught early.
Melanoma is the most serious form of skin cancer because it can grow deeper into the skin and spread to lymph nodes and other organs. Early detection and treatment are key to preventing this spread. When found early, melanoma can often be cured with surgery alone. However, if it spreads, additional treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy may be needed. Because melanoma can be life-threatening if untreated, understanding the signs and risks is important for timely care.
People often first notice melanoma as a new mole or a change in an existing mole. Changes to watch for include uneven color, irregular or blurred borders, changes in size or shape, or evolving appearance over time. The “ABCDE” rule helps remember these signs: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter increase, and Evolving changes. Melanomas often have dark areas but can vary in color and may sometimes look unusual or “ugly.” Your healthcare provider may examine suspicious moles and recommend a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.
When melanoma is diagnosed, doctors use the term to guide decisions about further tests, staging (to see how far the cancer has spread), and treatment options. Surgery is usually the first step to remove the melanoma and some surrounding tissue. Depending on the stage, doctors may check nearby lymph nodes and recommend additional treatments like immunotherapy or targeted drugs. After treatment, patients are monitored closely to watch for any signs of recurrence or spread.
Hearing the word melanoma can be frightening, but it does not always mean advanced or untreatable cancer. Early-stage melanoma often has a very good outlook. It’s important to ask your care team about the stage of your melanoma, treatment choices, and what follow-up care will involve. Because melanoma can also occur in places other than the skin, such as the eye, clarifying the location can help you understand your diagnosis better.
Melanoma is one of several types of skin cancer, but it is the most likely to cause serious health problems if untreated. It is linked to exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun or tanning devices, which can damage skin cells’ DNA. People with many moles, a family history of melanoma, or lighter skin are at higher risk. Protecting your skin from UV rays and checking your skin regularly can help catch melanoma early.
If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with melanoma, the best next step is to talk openly with your healthcare team. Ask about the stage of the cancer, treatment options, and how to watch for any changes after treatment. Early detection and treatment are key to managing melanoma effectively. Support and more information are available through cancer organizations and your care providers to help you through diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up.
This information is meant to educate and support you but cannot replace personalized medical advice. Every person’s situation is unique, so it’s important to discuss your specific diagnosis and treatment plan with your healthcare team. Understanding melanoma helps you ask informed questions and participate actively in your care.
Public source information used for this glossary entry includes: